Unit 2: Systems of Classification

((Systems of Class fiction)) (panta) Introduction Stuity of plante goes back to pont in detail and verdie period in India Pastatta saro Ekial Published vaikshayurveda (science of plante and their life) before christian era. From ancient time tried to clansify the vast different daλοποιίς angiospermle plants moty variation among the mar Oplants considering the distributed Dand there are Taxonomisto cuere the trying to classify flowering plants from different angies. Form the time Theophrastus (378-285 B.C.) who is called Father of botany different types of classification came to view. All the plant @classification can be divided into three types the artificial, the radusal and the phylogenic System of classification. 4. Antificiae System The systerg consides oraya few chanmeters Suchas habit, coloure, numbere and similarities plants and rastified into herbs, Thurzbs and trees. The sexual System of classifications as given on number of stamen cand styles one can say by Linnaeus based classification is a stepping stone in the divention of crassification Among the ancient teuxoremists some of them are Theophrastus (370-285 c), Dioscorids (64A-D.), Albertus magnus (1193-1280), OHO Baunfels (1464-1534), Jerome Bork (1498-1554), Andrea caesalpino (1519-1603) ete. The best known artificial System is of Linnanas published in 1735. 2. Natural System- Makeme Systirs of clasification gives emphasis on impostant characters and their related affinities on this byston of cianification, emphasis at was also gliwen on minphongical characters. -M. Adanson is the par pioneer of natural System of clas-firation naturae fystres of mamification Bentham"& prominents Aveng "Hecken's system is wa 3. Phylogenetic system s The phyrogenic System Shows evolutionary met ni relationship of plante groups and arrange them accordingly. are closely related according to so plants which evstutionary pofitof view would stand thach thare which ane distanthy related But phylogenic System doesnot compidare fossil evidences on plants but arrange the πχσο στη Presently probable e origin. the classification is based and partly to phylogette bajis Systems are pantry according Some treatme Inpurtonfo plly logenetie tena ay papurly by Engres in 1886, Hutchinson An 1926," Contribution of different Botanist on daxenemist towards the system of classification of plands- -Foliasing are the Taxonomist which gose have major contribution towards the system contribution of classification; (1) Theophrastus Bauhin () Tourne Fort Linnaeus (vi) de candore (vil) Bessey. (vi) Hutchinson (ix) Takmajan & (4)Adanson (y) fon Cronquist. 0 Contol bution of Theophrastus (371-387 BC) 14P Theoph magtus" coas considered as Plants. The intersects of Fisom "Father of Botany. "Fon his work on Theophasitus were work wide ranging, extendin biolog and physics to ethies and metaphylles Entering betonilal work is and ofon ot The cause of plants. Enquiry The enquiry into pranits cores originary ter books of e by plants Survive the worse is ang clarified according localities to theire modes Jang according to theirep thefte sixes and according "axds originally d pants "uxds oniginally ight Survive. It concerns the growth of mants prastical wees. books of which sixane the influences on theire Fecundity; proper time for Sowing and reaping and may many othere items on plant properties. Theophrastus detected the prices of germination and realized. the importance of climate and Soil to the faule that many cultivated plants He was of do not breed tove. Theophrastus described about soo kinds of plant. He episified the plants into four coutegories as herubs, Shurebs, sub shrutos and trees. He demarcated between flowering and non Plants, superior and inferior less Ovary Pelars and also types of ipulovary, Fused any and powering Contolbation of Bauhin Gaspared Bath Bauhin ore Casper Peauhin (1560-1624) ang Suls botanis & cwhose phytopinax (1596) described thousands of plants and classified them in a manners that draws comparisons to the catere be binemiae nomenclature of Linnaeus. His other publications ane prodromus theatri botanici (1620) and pinax theatri botanici (1623) He could not describe generar but could draw of differerxes between) Species and genera, several species were kept under one - genetic Jean Bachin (1541-1613), the elder brother of Gasporod Bauhin indipendenti mo tue than 8500 on plants and describe 5000 plants having ublished Historia plantarum universalis in 1650-51. under the name Tourne Ford-Joseph pitton de Tourene faret (1650-1708) took his Education in the university of montpellier and later become the professors of botany at Jardin des plantes in 1683. Roased on his researches, he published bis Fiemens de Botanique in ve 1694. It was translated into latin as Fustitute Institutiones Rei Herbariae (1700) Turne Ford visited many parts of Greece & Asla minor and brought back 1356 plants. Turene fond's main lasting consting contribution is that of genus concept Pn-the modern serre. He divided plants into smallest grocips of Species and providing Formal co ekrechod description for y 698 genera, many of them are known since classical times! He identified two grades of genera - the first based on the fruit and the flower, and the second based on vegetative on growth pattern ditferences. His naming of genera os deseostrated one pealt was named 'Melangena cond one was seend in the Family Solanaceae where (Solanum melongena L) and the Hycocyamus usquiame (Hyresryamus niger L). -Though Bauhin introduced gonfion and species but he could not give the description. Thus, Tourene fort was the first to establish genera and hie is cathed Father of genus concept. 415 System of Classification Seems inferior to that of John Ray but useful for classifloution. The characters examing ane petaliferors and apetalous s, tree and Flowers, System very Fuse potrus and reagerate. Populare in Europe anel Hineyoran Flowers. quring. the eighteen Century. The 4 Contribution of Linnaeus - Canolous Linnaeus (1707-1798) is know as Father of troxonomy. He was borul in Sweden, 1707. Limaeus took his Education in the university of Uppsala. - Limaeus published his Fitest paper on sexuality of plants in 1729. In 1730 he pubish Horches upplandicus taking plants Of Uppswa Botanicae handen according to Sexual System. Sexual system of Linnaeus was first appeared in his book Sylterra nature (1735). He published his best known Species plantarum in in 1735- -He introduce binomiae nomenclature fornaming of Plants where the generic name is followed a trival name, and follow this he identified hundreds of plants from different parcts of the world. He revised many plants namer and gave stability Stability to species. His pubit cation includes Genera plantarum, Species plantarium, Flosa Lapponica ete. - Limaeus Proposed on artificial syst sexual System of classification Containing 24 classes. The plants are Classified on the basis of Stamina Fecture cehich is includes the number of Stamens, length of Stamens, Cohesion of stamens and other character if if any. an The outline of the classes of his system was published in his Systema Nature in 1735, and again in Genere plantersum in 173み。 •Linnapus Systers is a Sexuar one but it is easy to identify plants. 91 was very Popular and Linnacus system of classification is. a stepping stone toccarel modern & more advanced types of clanstication. ning Б De condolle: Augustin Pyramus de candolle (1778-1841) was boren In Geneva, Switzerland. He persued his education in France, puri's and become the professors of Botany alt Montpellier. A.P. de condolle published many monographs concerning crassification & Plant Famfries. His fameds book cong Theorie elemetlimice de la boxanelque in 1813, in echichi put forth a newtype of Clasification may be cured as nakrae system. He introduce the term "Haxonomy For crassifiedition of plants. His System contains 161 paouter on families. monphongiore characters are allo recog neognised related much stress on the significance of vestigial organs. out rine of A'p de candolie's system of Classification.. He divided Plants into two groups. &e I. vashulans (Plants with vascular burdies and 2. Eellulars (plants cuithout vascuor bundies. Both groups has two classes. Vasculons - plants with vascular bandies Class 1 Exogenae (dicots/dicotyledons) (A) Diplochlamydeae (calyx and corolla both present) (B) mono Chlamydeae - Flowers with single whote when of perdanth Pres 1 Prouding Gymnosperm onders Class 2 Endogenoe Cmano Corty ledens monocots) 109-128. (A) Phaneroogamae-ordess Ex4209 129-150 (B) Cryptogamae. -Orders (151-155) II. cellulanes - plants cuith out vascular bandies class 1. Foliaceae (mosses, live words), orders 156-157 class 2. Aphyllae (Algae, Furgi, Lichens) 1 orders, 158-161. - The last colition of his book "Tharrie elementaire coas published In 1844 by his Son Alphonse de candolle where 213 onder or Families are incorpororated. G Miches Adansen-Michel Adan Son (1727-1806) was a french naturlist and botanist. In 1768 he published two volumes of Families parduourist natus olles des plante. In his work he developed the principles of arrangement of plants on the basis of natural botani cau relations. He He recognised 58 nakrae enders. Adanson coat an early proponent of the inheritame of aque acquired characters. Adanson not only described evolution in his familyhes de plantes' but also suggest that the changes in specific Characteristics were produced through the inheritance of acquired • Adansor For which it is Principle. is based on the concept developed is based Neo-Adansonian 7 Bessey: Charles Bessey Bes (1845-1915) was an American botanist and professor of botany at the university of Nebraska. He was known for his interc national po phylogenetic classification. Hewas the first American to work in the field of taxonomy & classification. His system of crassification cong phylogenetic. It is now as Bessyan System and in the title "The phylogenetic. The System based upen a serfes Ro Flcovering plants Taxonomy of Ro Flo of 'dieta' 0 on Statements which take into account primitiveness and advancement of poat groups. Poessey was of the openion that angiosperms have evolved monophyletically from ex cycadophyta belonging to bonnetti ta tean ancestor. lle considere bisexual plants with spinally arranged Floral parts wore most primitive. Accordingly Magnoliaceae In que antere angiosperms is the mast primitive Familu Family - Regarding origin wegetative of flowers, bessey believed that flowers were originate fem Shoot with Spiral phylifomes. During course of time Sterofle perianth, Ferctile Stamens and carpets evolved. O so, he accepted strobiloid theory of origin of the flower. There are two evolutionary lines from witch Flowers took origin. Those ane strobiloideae (Randlian line) and the cotyloideae (Resalian line). - Bessey trried sied to illustrate (evolutionary diagram) on evolutionary yas relationship. echich K known Besseyan thing phylogram *outline of Bessey's clanification (1915) Class: Alterni Foliae (monocotyledoneae) Subclass I strobibidaea eae (5 crater) Sub class - Cotyloideae (Bonder) class Oppositifloline (Dicotyledoneae) Subclass I strobilodeae SBPRB- Superconden 1 Apopetnine- Polycarpelintae (order) Superorder 2 sympetnine Poly Campellatae @order) Superorder 3 sympetalare dicampellate (forders) Subcian cotyloideare Superconde 1-A popetalae (order) Superorder 2 - Sympetalove (Border) ⑧ Hutchinson:- John Hutchinson (1884-1972) as a botanist of Royae madanie Gardens, kew, England of angiosperm in coho proposed his famous a phylogene tic book" system ofce of classification The families of Flowering plants". -The First vaume of the book contains Dicotyledons published on i Second volume on monocotyledons in 1934. His and 1926 and its recevriced edition appeared. eaned on 1959 gels revised pre periodteally, (2nd revised edition) and 1073 (3rd revised edition). • botany is very valuable. Besides his book Hutchin Son's Contribution to botan "The famiving off fwaasing plants" other publications από ⅰ) Fiora of west Tropica Africa (1927-29) (1) common wild flowers (1945) (H) uncommon wild Flowers (1950) (iv) Evolutics and classification of Rhododendron (1946) (4) Dorritish Flowering plants (1948) (vi) British will (Flowers) (1955) (ii) phylogere of fioventy plants (1969) (vii) A Botanist in South Africa (1946) ete. Hutchinson attempted to revise Genera plantarion of Benthim & Hooked enders the the Genera of Flowering plants. publish omy-tuo volumes of this work and were Hutchinsons reviced He suas ave Ubilshed 1964 & 1967 classification gives eriphasis on respectively. 24 principles. 1. Evolution both opwande and downwards. d. Evolution does not nee necessarily involve au engpris of a plante. 2. Evolution has generally been consistent and it continues to Phytuen. the end ofa 4. The trees anel shurbs are more primitive than hentos in rectaengrups. 5. In One Franity or genus, the trees and shrubs are older than limbers. c. perennials and doler than biennias and perfroom biennials the annuals ane derived 7. Aquatic Flowering plants are derived from terrestrial ones. 8. Collateral vasculare bundles annanged in sing is a priming true Conolition 2e dicotyledons. 9. Spiral annange ment of leaves is primitive to opposite cond wherried fre 10. Simple leaves are primitive than company. 11. Abisexude flowers preced thisexual flowers and dioecious is more 12. advanced them monoecing condition. Soildarly Foro fioners are more primitive than fouers in an in foresence 13. Spiral accrcangement of fursas parts is a primitive condition. 14. Polymerous Ordition is primitive than Oligomezous (definite number). 15. A petalous Contífice fleusiss ane derived from peta tiferous fiovers. 16. poly petalous Condition is Primitive than gamopetalous condition 17. Actinomorphic Flower is advanced over zygomorphic 12. Hypogyny is primitive than epigyny and gesigyny. 19. App Apocarepous condition is primitive than Syncarpous 20. mary carpels (Pou compellary condition) Precede Few oligocarpellary condition). canpers 21. The endo spermic seed with ane Souembrya is primitive. 22. 23. Flowers with faw Starmens Separate Stamons preciate Conmate Stamens. 24. Aggregate frits are advanced to Simpe Inuit. Hutchinsoo Considered Flowering plants having Cycadeoid ancestral group. It was have evaved form hypothetical names byħlim as Pong Proangiosperms. He was believing manguliales and Ranales, evolved in parallel lines. He thought Mangolineceae as the most primitive Family to him, dicotyledones ane Primitive to mono Cotyledons. Acerding Hutchin son has divided the seed plants into two phyca: (1) Gymnospermae and 2. Angiospermae. The angiospermae has been divided into Dicotyledones & monocotylesdong The sub phy un Dicotyledonores hay boven divided into των division - "Lignosae (woody grap) and "Heribaceae (Fondamentaury- herbaceous plants). The subphylum monocotyledons has been divided Porito threee groups 1. Calyciferae 2. Conoliferae 8. Gjumi Fiorrak. He He recognised al totre full Families of alich dicotyledones with 342 cand monocotyledones with 69 Families. Liagnosae includes sy orders, Herbareae 29, 12, Corolliferae 146. Glumi. calyci fenae 12 Flona menitsa Hutchinson's System of classification is based upon some phylogenette principes, generary accepted by mast taxonomists. 2. Ctandards of description ane dentification of Familles- very good. Useful keys are described for 3. Identifiration of genesa in monocots are evaporated nicely and classification monocoryne danes is very much appreciated.! 4. The origin of monocotyledones frora Dicotyledones is arrepted. 5. The placement of Alismatales towards the begining of monocotyledones Is a good concept. Deme nits, many taxonomist do not appreciate the division of dicoty leador's Site Lignosne and Herbaceae. *. The classification does not give emphasic regarding rmationship between various endens and families. 9. monophyletik viedo neganding the origin of angiosperms is not embasiny ocrepited. 4. Erigin of angiosperem from a hypothetical proangiosperens is not supported by detail informatien Entributin ch Takhola jan Armen Takhia jan (1910-2009) cume a Russian nont taxonomists. He was known for his outline of the classification of Flowering plants (tragnoliophyta). His contribution to plant taxonomy is as folows;. - the fearr 1942, Takhtajan published his first paper on the Structurme types of gynoeciom and placentation myletic dic diagram of angiosperms He mentioned avery preliminary - Origin of anglosperms in elaborated elaborsated int in "Die system English was published in 1958. His clarification Evolution dere Angio spormen" in 1959 ang et phylogenia magnoliophytonum (1966). Both were in Russian. C. Jeffncy (1969) published (1969) published the engish version of the lattere os Flowering plants orgin and Dispersal which become Poquax. 345 revised version version appeared in Botanicas Review In 1980. -An elaborate classification Systen as Diversity and clavsificoution of Flowering plants was came out in and published 2007. in 1997. Its Offnal revised edition He is best known as the coauthors of weruks on the origins of flowering plants and pareobonic, developing a new new classification system of highes Plants Heunked on the Flosne of Arcmenia tong ross Filamening Plots of USSR, Takhtajan also devcops a Cystem of Flogistic regions Taxptejan believed that angiosperms evolved under environmentce Etr Probably as a nesuid of adaptation to moderate reasonal drought on rocky mountain slopes in an anes with monsoon of crimates! Takhitajan in his Finae edition of clansification of Flowering plante Put Ambonellacentfae at the the biginning biginning, of angiosperms. He Placey winteraceae and comellaceaed canellares, placed before magnoliases. to a distinct order During the placement of various groups, the Falowed the certain principies, nodes, in florcosence, flower tendencies as follows! according ete accordin ση habit, leaf to evolutionary (1) Habil:- Tociller trees with deciduous habit and Shiwbs are mest Primitive but herbs are 'advanced. () Leak Simple leaves entire margin and pinnate vention are Primitive. (i) Nodes Tripentacular type of nodau Structure is primitive and unijasunace type is advanced. (iv) vessels: The vessel momberg with Scalarniform perforation precede the Vessel members with Simple perfimation. (4) Poacheids: vessels evolved fore tracheids and considered as aslvanred. (vi) Infiorescence: eymese infionescence is recemose type is derived one. Very primitive and (vi) flower: primitive Flowers are spisme whereas cyllic arrsargement is advanced one. (n) petus: petus havde derived from the breasts en prem stamens arranged perianth has given retsed to petals and setas. Sploy (ix) Stamen: Primitive stamens were leaf-like and with marginalny Situated micro-Sperangia. (*) pollengskins-monocoipate pollen grans ane primitive'; gave rise to tiricol patate and polycorpate types. Inapertosate type is more Specialized. (1)corper Polycarpis ane primitive with numerous ovales laminar placentation. Syncumpous is advanied Parietal. and is Pree-central, (x) Ovary: advance Bitegmic Ovvies ane primitive and unitegmic ovule is (b) Crassi nucellate ovules precede tenui nucellate ovues. (e) Anatropous ovule is primitive and other types are dersivedones. Other Characters :- 1. Apocarpy pre precedes Syncarpy. 2. Entomophily gives rise to anemophily and vice versa. 3. poly goniva Hype of embryosae is most primitive than other types. 4. Endo spermic Seeds ane are advanced. Primitive and non endospermic Seed S 5. Monocotyledon embryo • is evolved form dicet embrye. mary Best Seeded Follicl Otherell's Follicle pruit is most primitive & are derived from it. mends 3-1. The system of clarifiancation by Takhtajan is much Superior to that of Hutchinson and others since it was knorre phylogenetic. 2. Oxigin of The Sylton follows a natural assombrage of familygies, based on a synthesis of inferneelion obtained from varias diciplines 9. Dlkets begin with magnoliases as the most primitive angiosperm is unibertsally accepted. 4. Takhtalan Followed International code of Botermicore Nomenclature (ans). 5. monocols are derived foon an extinct hypotheticae tennes trice group of magnliidae and Nymphaeales and mismitates ane lateral side branches is ouso arrepted fact- 6. The concept of Primitive Flower in the Clasification is in accodrenie cath modem taxonητίζη. 7. Bubble diagram shocoing relationship between different groups subclases and superorders is heiphy O'in Padicating the relative size of different groops along with the advance. Dicets (magnoliopsida) ane discussed beferermanecots (Liriophsida). Dongyits: 1. The Haven" are too microwy definedechichines resulted i in the Unwanted epilting of related taxa. 2. The classification is only fill the Family level and key for identification wame arouson not given. Hence the marsification is not useful for practical identification. 9. few of the phyletic principes given by him are not accepted by present try taxonomist. 4. Takhtajan considers Degeneraceae as the mast primitive angiosperm but many present day taxonomy consider winteracere to be the most primitive family in angiosperm. 3. The classificaution Ops incorporates data from but greater emphasis is phenetic information. given to a number of branches Cladistic information than (10) contribution of Congquist - Arthur Conquist (1919-1992) coas a well known taxonomist of America. dle worked with Takhtajan and Zimmerman (1966 and published a brand broad cassification of Embryobionta. His major contributions care as filows: - Conquest published a book on detall clasification of angiosperm in 1968 The for title of the book was " The Evolution and classification of Flowering plants". - In the fear 1981 he elaborated his work in his book An Integrated System of classification of flowering plants." edition of the main book coas • revised edit The Ενοιυλίση and classification of Flowering Published Plants" in 1988, The Some etagificat realingments in Dic fons were published in Dicalyledons "Nordic Journal of Rotary" in 1963. - 4 The classification of conquist is based on the principle of phyloge and it gets approval by major contemporary authors. Conquist (1981) published a phylogenetic clasification with the help of Synoptic keye ont detail 24 chants, he arranged the angiosperms in subclasses and anders en a wond wide basis. He believes angiosperms have evolved form pterido playto Sperms (Seed Ferns) like ancestors. The division Magnoliphyta has been divided into 2 classes? (1) Magnolipsida (Dicotyledors), 6 Cubetacces, 64 orders, 320 fami and 169, you species. () Liliopsida (monocotyledons) - 5 subclasses, 19 orders, 66 Families 49,900 Species. Magnolipsida (Dicots) has been divided into subciosses like Magnoliidae, Hamamelidae, canyophyti, Dillenlidae, Rosidae and Asteridae. Magnolil is considered as the basar stock Pirom which Other Five subclasses anase Sup Supagately di Asteriadre Is considered as the mast appanied group g ahong Idicotyledons. Class Liliopsider (monocots) compircises Five clastes. Alismatidae, Anecidae, Commerinidae, Zingiberiae, and Lilliandae conquist is of openion that Liliopsida evolved form aquatic ancestors. Mens Since the system of classification is phylogenetic one is hag So many advan lages 1. Stare the classification system is hubrished in english, it is readily accepted In books and fionisthe project in the USA. 2. It has got suppost of contemporary authors like Takhtajan, Dikigen an Thorne. 3. The synem of classification is fully plylogentic and it aromadantes Phylogenetic principles 4. The revisatuension of the clasifications in 1981 & 1928 provide dedeft Anfirmatio an memphology anatomy, Ph Ultra Structure and chromo Somes. phy tuchan's try 5. He followed Internation Code of Batanical Nomenclature for naming parts. 6. Magnoliidae coas treated most primitive dicotyledon pack. 7. Among dicotyledon families, compositae way Considerinol ay adrance whing Orchidaceae was advanered vans ed among monocotyledons. 8. Cronquist illustrated various diagrams for groups which provide use Ful information en cialblistic reclationship, advancement and size of Subciaeses. Demenids & 1. The System lacks keye for genera and their distributing For which identification of hercbania is not easy. 2. The moment of division frangiosperms is not aciccepted by sahigron and Throone. They suggest Clans Mank for angiosperm. 8. The concept of supeonder is not accepted by many. It a deviation Preron contemporary systems of Fakhteyas Takhlajan. 4. to prared monocotyledons aftes dicotyledons lout ment classification ati eudicots. place them In between primitive anglesperem and the Chasification of Bentham and Hooker & George Bentham and Sa J. D. Hookes, tire English Thodorist put forth a naturalist system of classification. The entire cas of them was published in three volumes Genera plantarum Bentham se conste many monographs on Families suchas Scrophulariaceae, Ericaceae, and Labiataes he auss pubished Handbook of British Flora and Tiosa Australiensίς τη η vormes Anokien, coas dineetry of Royand botaniceve Gardens, kew, England. many parcts of the consid donal published neza of Aritish India inz Kontaks, students flora of the Poritish Islands and revised version of Hand book of Pritish Fiora. The classification of Seed plants in the Genesa plantaumum treats 202. Bimilies and 7569 genern and 97, 205 Species. The classificating classification was οι & natural Systemof classification, based upon Jussies and do candolizo System. Treatment of farming and theire eper spe sepermatten wiem based on pensional Observations of species. The Familles and groupe are more natu and depended upon fosion and reduction of Fiemme pants. Send plants on phane rogams evere divided into 3 classes: Dicotyledons, Gymnospermae and monocotylectors. Dicotyledons, ane Further Subdivided Proto saciates. Polypetalad, Gamepetalae and mono chiomy the according presence of absence of petess petass and card their fusion. Subcialties ane furthere divided into sensies, cohorts (orders) and natirae onders (Familes). monochamydae has no Glo cohorts as ovell as Remities monocotyledones. Revewing are the outline Classification of Bentham and Hooker's System of Classification. Class1- Dicotyledones: Embayo with two cotyledons, open vasculare bunke in the stem, reticulare Vanation, Flowers petamerous ore tetramerouς. Group 1 - Polypetalae: pelous and sepous distinct, Petey Free, Series-1 Senfes I: Thaimiflorae- sepais Free and distinct pakay 1,2 on many Flower hypogynous, every superios. Genfes Dracifionae- sipour distinet on cnited, Free frame ovary, ellise present below the ovary starmene, definite, akry cuperfor Mening Caryci Florae- Sepnis united, ready free, often achate to overy, Petrus eniseriate, erigynal or perigynous, dük adndte to base of calyx, rarely realsed into a toray on gynophore Stamens perigynous, ovary often in feñar. Group-II Gamopetlae- potass united, sennes-3 Sexles-1 Infенае Jafernare evany inferion, Skamens Grainymanygas maryas Senlater merne ovary superios, etmenin one or two tiberg more than 2. Sentes Bicappellatae very purios stores in meubels, despers to Group- monochlamydiae: flowers a petalous; perianth abeunt of differentiated into sepast and pedres, Series-2. Sentes-I Convembryae. Terrestrial plants with bisexual Flovers! skousers to equal to pedanth Segments; ovany soittany, embrys cursued There arce 7 Families. Senleg Montiovulatae - Aquantie plants with bycarpous ovary Lowiss Sercies- many. multiovulatae terrestres :- Terrestrial Plants, Syncarpous many ovules. Series-1 minho embryse - ovary syncarepous on apparipus, ovutes soiltary few, Serocis embryo, surrand by endosperm. Serles- on Daphnares-onecarspel, one ovule, perlanth perfect Stamens podgynous. perfect, sepasig Series: Achlamydospurene ovary onilocutort, infernor, ovures 1-3 without tester. Senties- misexuales Flowers unitexure, ovary syncampous or one compes, perianth much repeof or abfent. Sentes- Anomalous famliles Recapionship Uncertain. Class-2: Gymnospermae ame naked 3 families Class-a: monocotyledons Embrys cwith one menses dalyteren; Storm with closed vastusan bundle; ponounce wens venation, flovens usvany trimerous Series-7, 34 Families. Series -1: Micro Spormae penianith petaloid, overy in forico, seed minute exalbuminouς. series- Epigyne Pertanith parily petaloid, ovary isually inferior, es endalperm aburdants, Soxed longe. Gentes-cononanicae- Innes porcionih petazold; overry superior, conspess united, endosperm abundant. Sentes- calycinae perfonth sepaloid, herbaceous, ovary superior compers enited Sentes: Nudiflosave. perianth absent Scaves, campers one on severou Syncare pous, ovires many. Ore represented by haf'ss or ovary Sonies- Apocampere-perianth in one or two cchorus on none; Ovary Sperior, apo carpous, endosperm @pabsent. Sonies- 8-1: Giurnaceaeg- Flowers Sorilany, Sessile with bracks or ancanged in heads on spikelet cwith bracts, perianth absent present. • or scare like ovary unilocular, one oute; endus peom merits The Bentham and Hooken's System of corssification is naturae incorporate phytogery and it is one; docenat incorporm still is appreciated and cred by many meawy handred years oldy Foritto simpridity and appication. 1. The system is emproyed for identification of plants. Practicou use of it & vorgeary. 2. The old cn and common wraith herbonia therefore fill adapt this bystem in amargement of famlines. 3. the squem has developed due to rear and visual claservation of sperimens of Geed Plants. Aris not matteredio bust a conection ols data. 4. The placement of Fanning at the authors. is very herp tot accepted by many beginning which is 5. provement of Dicotyledons before menocotyledons is justified and present day! authses approve Pt. 6. Langer genera havebeen divided into Subgenera in order, it is wercime. 7. Three Series 2e Thaiamiflorae, Disel Florace and coulyei fiorme show gradece evowdienmay 8. The Series Glumarene hypogyny epigyny. with reduced and minute flower and infunestenie Flowering plants. od the end of the Flowering! fam advanie, ment from Demeuls - 1. The System way have phylogenetic approach. published before Dancinian Theor Theory and il does not &. prarement of Gymnosperam between Dicotyledons and monocotyledons is not Justified Power Decause they form a group indipendent form angiosperm. 5.3 momocotyledons, Liliaceae and Amarfildarere are closely! related families but in Systen they are placed in different series. 4. Creation of unisex was seems unnaturae Since it includes diverse families. 5. The subdivision of the memorotyledons is bued on the positim of ovary Famine and characters off perianth. This brings anchovies fermony 6. In the classification, Inferne remains before the two serdes with "derording to evoutirnary point, inferior orary Supertor ovary rout derording to evontirnar has boon superiol ovary Angia Sperom phytogene yooup (APG II) class f ctagification &- 8- - Angiosperm phylogeny (Group (APG) Systery of plants classification is a modern one. It was initiated in 1998. Subsequently the APG System has been revised and improved in 2003, APGI and APG system în 2009 and APGIV system in 2016. of plant classification is The System of f mostly based on molecular end evidence. The original APG Systern coas based on of DNA sequences of a gones. lwo on cladistic analysis chiato plast genes and othe fos ribosomes Although based molecular evidence ing constituent groups and supported by other evidences such as di Polen mon phology. This leads to division of bon eudicots and the rest of the formere dicotyledons. The Angiosperm phylogeny (moop (APG) nefers to an infromne international group of systematic Botanist thingitta, amemes, kane Bnemey, mank W. Chase, Peter F Alexander N Sennikov ete, alw worm together. on the axonom create a new They pubilshed in de. There of Flowering plants (angiosperm) that would plant ree datten ship through phylogenetic studies. a classified classifitution of 462 Fombies of anglaspeστης Famisies outconged in us more phpetit onders in format maraphysete groupe; menorots, ent cuticals, comme une its etc.. An important alim of the grapesas to eximinate deficiencies in pronίους clasifications and to introduce monophyletic groups Che, groups thack Inccuda all descendants of a common ancestor) Apa Classicication: The APG II System (2009) of plant classification Ps the third version of a moderen, mostly molewiny years aftermat Plant tasronomy. The Apa System was published. cons published 6 12 Member of cation of all the Linnanean a Cand plants, compatible with the formal phylogenetic Classif APG LI. The APG System Considered 45 orders of the previous system and 14 new ones me nesny remgnizel of onder avere Amborellales, Nymphaeales Chiosenthales, Buxares, vitres, - The alternative "bracket Burniques etc. families were left out in APG II, become PAS indusion in the previous system had been up un populare. Apa recognizes 415 Famies, "Fourty FouT 42 fewer than in the rivious Systern. the 55 bracketted families were discontinued & 18 other familles were discontinued as well. The Families are - Illiclareae to melano phyllaceae. APG nevegnises 20 Famliles whion are not in previous system and a few familles are moved to a different position. The newly recognized families are Peteemamiaceae to Quintiaceae. The rember of families not included in any order coas nedvred frrom 3970 10. Apodanthaceae and cynomoriaceae were placed arnong angiosperms, incentre sedis (not within the group). Eight other formlities avere placed incentare sealls in various supra- ardince groups within the groups, angiospoon. The unplased Fomiifics are Apodanthaceae to fred Boraginaceae. The positionof the Family Trancinaceae is darbt fus. Apodytes, Emmotorn en ond few thergenera were privisionally within it untill further Studies to lacate thern proper position. There genera Gumillea Micobaniodendron and petenaea are still toget proper position and ane kept in angiosperong incertae sedis. P.f stevens developed a website named Angiosperm phylogeny debcuebsite (Apweb), http:// www. mobot. ong /MOBOT /research/Ap web. APGA has been continuously up to dated O oot wising the Apueb. Stevens in epdaday Apueb in odrich there bine 19 unplaced Familites. Chase and Reveal (2009) gave a formal classification of landplants maliny considering craticatio APG To To keep harmony between classification and APG system alu Icind plants were Precoded ender Equishetopsida. Angiosperme are divided into Is Super enders. All total 56 onders are listed of which to chloranthates (at the beginning of d'Angiosperms) and Saxi fongrrales (ender eudicots) ane topc pemplaced. Further Seven families could not be accommodated. The APG System of classification is a modification off chich chous Several men'ts! Previous Api (1) The Systems Shows monophycy onigin of groups. (3) The and System covers data farm, mosphology, anatomy, embryology, phytochemistry masculare Stuelles. (3) Groupe names upto orders have been assignal. (4) Fraditional division of angio Sperems into dicotyledass and monocotyledong is not taken. Many monocots are kepto't put in between primitive angiospermsand euldinots of solves the pootiems of paraphyly carmoniy monocots end dicots in the Early Stouges. (5) A number of cladograms in the asssification shows generae affinities graps of angiosperm. (6) primitive families are placed at the beginning of angiosperms. between νατίους (1) multigene analysis and morgho logicae studies and basion on which wintera (8 reave and cancellaceae are kept unen Same order. ) monophyletic Concept is reflected in malvacone abere families like Tiliacion Stercularianeat & Bombaceae are included in the formen. This Fred iniusion is supported by meophological and molecular data stidies. (9) The concept of breacketed families in earlier ARG has finany born removed in APG III. Demenats-(1) the classification is only applicable up to families. The system Psnot Suldable for practicae pulpose and Identification of Floras and herbaria. 2). The foute of some ( encertain. unplared families and a few umplared geneinai enera is still (3) Botanical Nomenclature code has not been assigned to new groups.