Unit 4: Application of Biotechnology

((Unit-4))((Application of Blotechnology): Introduction Biotechnology is defined as the application of scientific and engineering principles to the Provide gold & Senvices. processing of materias materias by biologicas agents to OR Blokchnology is the application of biological organism, systems on pooreste to the manu fa manufacturing and Service industries. OR Biotechnology is a technique (skilfer way) involving the tilen micro-organisms, or animal cells on develop products useful to human being. of living Components to According to the European Federation of Biatechidogy- Biotechnology is the integration of natural science and Origantems, cells, Ford Products & Servire naioques pants therde of and molecular analogues Plant Biotechnology The generation of useful products or surrvices from plant cells. ton explants is called por plant biotechnology. origans and often OR Plant biotechnology is a set of techniques used to adapt formants For specific or opportunities. Plant biotechnology culture and genetic OR may be defined as the use of tissue ening technique engineering ter modified plants that exhibit to practure genetically improved desirable characteristics evas used and comed for the first time by -The term biotechnology Hunden karoly Erreky, a Hungarian agricultural Engineer in 19190 Father of biotechnology. He is neganded by some as the kiran Mazumdan shaw is the Father of Bio Indian - Poiotechnology. - There are Fours main types of biotechnology are! • medical biodtechnology (Red biotechnology) Industrial biotechnology (White Biotechnology) • Environmental Biotechnology (Green biotechnology) Marine Biotech we naagy (Bive biotechnology) Application of Biotechnology (A) Application of Biotechnology in production of peat resistant plants:- This is an important application of bio technology. Pest is a destructive insects on other animal that attacks crops/food, live stock etc. pest affect the or damage the plant by reducing their productivity and in some cases can to tally destroy a crop. Befone Agriculturear scientists uses & improved varieties of seal, inorganic Pertilize and pestickles pers to increase the yield. - pesticides are used to kill a variety of organisms. which alvo damage crop plant through infections and destroy Stored food gains following harvest. Pesticides ane non-bisdegandable complex organic Compound. These are highly toxic too. Pthere have been lange scale uses of pesticides, which acrumciates environment, Problems. causing Serious environmental pollution Secondly, there enter into food chains and consequently, by the paces of eating and being eaten, enter into the baly of organisty and tes these are not metabolized and hence arfumulate in the living tissue does by dow dosely dose ina Phenomenon called bioaccumulation. Over a thouse threshold level, there produce adverse effects, which ane expressed of some pathogenic symptom 2. To solve this problems busing pesticides, Scientis develop bio technology and genetie engineerring tete delivery of as introduction of prant ahfch the genes For e insect os pest resistant in to the plant cell in tissue culture, which Produces a pest resistance plant when the pest or insect eat some pard of the plant the pest resistant gone in plant expressed to produce protein and there proteins in enter into thee pest and its toxicity does not affed environment. in the pest kill the rest which Pest resistant plant ane thus are geneticany modified piant which are toxic to certain fasects a pest. They are often and Bt crop because the ice introduced geared were ntified in a bacterial species called Bactilus thuringiensis. Bt technology is only one example of ways that genetic enginooning may be wed to develop insect Resistant plants now& in the future. what is Bt? Bt refers to Bacillus thuringiensis, is a Gram positive bacteriom that fcruns naturaviy in the soil which is now ti est Commonty used biologlide pestic lite worldwide. Biologist have known that some strains of Bt produce proteins that kill contain insects with alkaline digestive tracts when these Insects ingest the protein porduced by proteins, the function of this dige the system is disrupted, producing Clowgrowth and ultimately death. Bt is stonins of breterim kill different Selective e different stor insects Y and daly thase insecus. Strains of Bt are effective against European corn borens and cotton ballworms (lepidoptera), colorado potato beeltes (coleoptera) ek. Bt is not harmful to humans, other animals, birals, fish, os beneficial inserts. How Bt genes are transfer into the plants:- The to gene nesponsible for fores production of toxin protein S Known as cry genes Recombinant DNA technology makes it possible to locate the gene that produces At proteins lethat! to Insects and transtes the gene into crop plant. - First Scientists identify a stormin of Bt that kills the target Insects. Then they Isolate the gene that produces lethal proteing That gene is removed by from Bit and a gene (morskier) is attached (withs mesistant to antibiotic or herbicides) Then Bt gene with the resistent marker gene attached, Into the plant cess by various methods. i insented At the point, determined which plant roms have success Fully received the Bt gene. The pant cells ane grown in presence of the antibiotic in herbicides the plant which carry antibiotic resistant gene (marker gene) will survive and others and not survive. Then these trans formed cells is are then grown into whole plant by tissue culture. The modified plants thuy Prodine has the same lethal Bt Protein Produced by Bt bacteria because the plants now have the same gones. Exemple Bl Cotton BL cotton is a genetically modified Pest Resistant plant cotton variety, which proclures insecticides to tomp combat boll wooms. - Bt cotton was created through the addition of genes encoding toxin enystas prootein in the Cry group of endotoxin. Two cry genes Cry JAC and cry II Ab have been incorporated in cotton, Thes two genes are effective in control of cotton boll cuorms. This genetically modificed cotton plant is called Bt cotton as it carry of contains Bt toxin genes. How this toxin kill the pest and not kill the bacterium and other ganism? The Bt toxin protan existos inactive protoxins but when the insects attact and eat the cotton plant, the inactive postin enter the their body and it is convented Ints der an active form of toxin due to alkaline plt of the alimentary cancu that setit Sotübriges solublizes the crystals. The activated totoxin binds to the surfare of midgut epithelial cells cand create pones which cause cell swelling cind lysis and Finally cause death of the insects. Advantages of est cottim Increases yield of cotton due to effective control of the bollcoooms. 2 potention reduction in the cast of (ltivation. 3. Reduction in insecticides use in the Cullivation of Bt cotton chien. 4. No health haxands due to rane use of Insecticides. sn't protects beneficipu in seets. Dis advantages of crops. Be crops ane costlies than naturcury grown trops. It can disrupt the met natural pouces of genetiow. 3) the pests might become resistant the toxins produced by these crops and the crop pod production might decline. (2)Application of Bistechnology in herbicide resistant plant: Herbicide is a substance that is toxic to the plant used to destroy unwanted vegetation.. commomonly known Theseane commomony as weed killess ang undesired plants are knowrl as weeds. certain herbicides can be used as preemergence herbicides to kill well before the Crops ane planted the crops plants are resistance to these chemicals then they can be used with the crop plants (pes) emergency) and if the plant ane on not resistruite thet to these chemicals, if they are applied the the pran crop Piand were clestroyed al other wise wered wi'll damage the crop. so it is necessary to produce a herbicide resistant plant. Some plants on bacteria are resistant to these herbicides by because they houve and enzymes that detoxify for the herbicides. In other coords they pozess a gene for this alls actim. Transfer of this grine Cheebicide resistant gene) to a crop plant Should protect the crop plant by the Same action of mechanism. Some plants or bacteria become resistance to herbicides because of mutation in the fanget enzyme (Ongones) and because of this Charges they are not more sensitive to herbicides os are hot damaged by herbicides. The enzyme can cork in presence of herbickles. Theme fore the detori Rying mamechanism es change in affected enkyme con make herbicides forerant, the Drogonism Orogenişm Guy phosate (a herbicider) cult by inhibiting one of the enxyme that is necessary for the synthesis of amino acids in the enioroplasts. Glyphosate, initially produced & manketed by the toode name Roundup, is mon san to unders secondery used as non-cerective herbicide. It effectivay kills 76 of the westy's 78 worst weed Species. Scientist at monsanto isolated a gang, in amino acid biosynthesis enxymer Pyruvinyl shikimate 3- that it could for an enzyme involved EPSP- Synthase phosphate Synthase) •They moclified the be experedey tplents d'e tobacco in (5 entit From resistent genes in a such a way plants and then trans tomato a Soybean genetically modified herbicides resistant plants. Peters formed In another method, glyphosphate- tolerant pants have also been produred by using and EPSP- Synthesis CONA isolated proom a glyphosate tolerant petunia coll culture llne. Any change which can reduce the inhibitory effect will mo vide increased herbicides tolerance. of herbicides Biodegadable herbicides ane highly desirable in vites of environmental cond resistant we canado produced these herbicide Exemple Roundup Ready Soybean (a herbicide kestit resistance plant Rounddip Ready is the monsanto (a Company of USA) trademark Forits patented line of genetically modified frop seed of that are resistant to its glyphosate based herbicides, Rounelup. Rounddup Ready Soy bean (RR Soybean) is Soybean where the DNA has been altered a genetically engineered Ho autow the transgene plant to withstand the herbicides glyphosate (the active Ingrediont in Monsanto's herbicide, Round up). Holerant Soybean. It is also known as Glyphosate -These RR Soybean ane produced by the introduction of CPY EPSPs gene of Agrobacteriom strain cly into the the soybean by Particle accelaration method or gorgone gun. Appication of Biotechnology in Transgenic Coops with improve Quality Thait's > when an ongantem contains foreign gene/genes (know as transgenes) in addition to its nonmal genotype, then it is carned as transgenic organismsike transgenic plants, animals, microbes. In transgenics, the endogenous genes are not replared, but additional copy of the foreign gene is infegnated. The process and expression of thongene in and organism is known as ση. of trans for, integration genetic transformati As these enganisms ons geneticaly modified, hence they are gentically matt fred or modified os Gm organism allo called as Many crop plants have also been genetiouny modifiof known as trsans- genie crops of im croups. - The se genes ane Some •EX Introduce to Gm orgamiem for improvement of character. Thus biotechnology has great importance in Procluction & trans genek organism of crops with improved quality of tatt treait. - The world's first transgenic plant tepu developed was a tobacco Picant expressing kanamycin nesistance. - The first trans genic crope, introduced to the market way "Flavn Saur tomato which remain fresh for a prolonged Period. Golden rice is another transgene recombinant DNA Vitamin A hay been intro. technology. introduced through - The Criops transgonic crio developmended in India cuas Bt brinjal where a foreign gene was introduced from Bacillus Thuringiensis which was an inseet resistant gone. Following ane the various approaches to enhance the quality of traits in transgenic or GTM crops: Resistance gas cagainst biotic stresses like insects, bacteria & Fungas pathogen (Ex-nice, wheat, tomato, polato ete) Resistance against abiotic stress like drought, highersstower tempo, Sal Salinity, aridity, metal toxicity etc. Resistance against herbicides like Glyphosate (Ex- glyphosate resistant tobares & comet wheat mont) Improvement in vitamin Content (6 Ex-Golden Rice (ich in vita)) Improvement in nutritional geoquacity. production of edible vactines! The gene for vaccine production has been Introduced in some toons genic plants like banana, tomato & potato which can help in eradicating some diseases. Ex! Edible vaccine for anthrax has also be developed in tomato. Improvent of Frewit queity.. 1st can be done by delayed liktening and bruise Resistance in transgeneic plants Flav Save tomato the which has hand skin, in provid Flavors & highers self-ilfe. Development als seedles fruit Molecular Fariming, for manu Facturing specific chemicals and Pharimare Uficals Ex- Sugars, Fatty acid, PHB ek in Factories on biore actors. starich, cellulose, rubber, wax, Improved agricultime frait like improvement in thes in phosphorus uptake through the use of phosphorus transporten gene fox production of hybride Seeds. Transgeneic crops for other trast time improvement in colour, Fragrance, orechttechts of Flowers; test, size & quality" of Fruits etн. Trans gor'e crop - Fiavn Sovn Tomate Flave saver tomato is a genetically modified tomato) cong the First Comercially granted a tises grown genetically engineered food to be license for human consumption. Stfoas produced by the cond Submitted to (FDA) in 1992 the cuifornian company "Paigene" O the ust US. Food & Drug Administrativo The Flaver save tonats was developed the use of antisense RNA foregulate the expression of the enzyme Polygalacturonese (PG) in ripening tomato Fruit. ne is one of the most abundant enzyme in This enzyme rupe tortato Poult tomatoes. and tes peasible for ciftening in nipe The på enzyme is responsible for the break down of pectin union is a building, the Firmnex. block in cell walls and giver tumatag Danan attemptt 'slow the softening Procen, the Pace Flare Saun is contain antisence RNA bloux Ph enzyme production, - Antisence RNA (as DNA) is is a single stranded RND that in is complementary to MANA" Strand transcribed