Biogeochemical Cycle Notes

Bio-Geo chemickel Cycle:- Debination The Cyclic Flow of inorganic element ore mineral element between "the living and non living component of an ecosystem is called as bio-geo chemicon cycle ore nutrient cycle. Ablogeochemical cycle ore nutrient cycle on sulbastrave turnover is a cyere by which a chemical Substance moves through both blotte (biasphere) and and ablotic lithosphere, atmosphere and hydrosphere) Components of earth. Decomposere incruding micro organism pray significant rolein riegeration of nutrient cycle. Types On the basis of source of ererement it is of two types Gaseous and sentimentary eyeve. Gaseous Cyeve on the gaseous egne the source of exement is atmosphere. - Here the materines invented in cineusection between broitle and abiotte Components of biosphere are gases on vapars and the reservoire pooris atmosphere of hyhosphere. The Exampeek Gaseous eyele include eyering of carbon, Nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen (water. (ii) Sedimentary cyeve In the goa Sedimentary cyue the source of exement is earth crust. Here materias involved in cifculation between biotic & abiotic component of the biosphere cane non gaseous and the mesonveg pool ts hosphero - The example of sedimentary egne includige cycling of, thập phosphorus, carriem, magressiom, Inm, suphour ete. * Gaseous cycle come rapid and marne perufect as camperred to Sedimentary ayere. 1) The Carbon Cycle - Debination The Series, el procesx bywhich carton compound of arce inter convented inse environment, Pavolving the incorporation of carbondioxide in living tissue by the bo phorts synthesis and its tretion to the atmosphere through respiration decay of dead onganiem & anal burning of fossil fixes, The carcben cycue describes the process in which Carben atons Continu same travel from the atmosphere atmosphere. to the Earth and ously then back into the Importance of carbun- cacbon is a component af an crispinte compounds of protopain thee canbohydrater, lipids, proteins, nucleic acid, ertzymes, hormones, etc. af onstitutes uat. of dry weight and is therefore, next only to water in abundance. Around half of the body weighiol organilm is cacbon. Gronze of Conbon & Carbon is cyred through four majos reservoirs in knorweiter by pathways of exchange The far reservere are: 1. The atmosphere which contains about 1% of total global carbon. 2. The tenseshias biosphere; Includes Fresh water Systems and propanje maternal Suchas son carbon. non-living arrogante 3. The oceans: Ignende living and non-living mucine blota. The oceans contains about 71% of global carbon indissoturg Farm. Hence Oreans are the major reservoirs of carbon. 4. The lithosphere Sediments which nowode fossil fuels. - non-riving environment as: Carchen exists in the non- 1 . carton dioxide (Co) in the atmosphere and dissolved in conter potrafiy Foraming carbonate fon, Heos. 2. Canborate rocks Le limestone and corral as cal 03. 3. Deposits in coal, Petroleum, natural gas and alke fossil fuels. 4. Dead organic matter (hemus in the soil). Process OR steps of carbon Cycle: The source of carbon is the catmosphere where it is present in the form of Co. Thes enterc Lyere chich Stants Fisen the ifis a gaseous cycle cahier the living enginiom. atmosphere - - atmosphere absoribed by the green plants duen Cog from the atmosphere of where witis converted into duong photosynthes Organic compounds like carbohydrate. - Orcepnic Forem of carbon frans formed different lever of consumer through the food chaln. Respration of liv of living a System Sie Frants and animals dir dinedung mercases - Cog into the atmosphere. Death of plant and animals and their decomposition by also released cog Into int the atmosphere. by micro-organism - Dead organie bouy of plant and anitraces diposited on the surub fare of the earth Serefore (those who are not decompotraf by microorganisms) in the form of fossile and burening of fossil" carbon into the atmosphere. fuce release (2) The Nitorgon Eyere:- The nitrogen cycle is the biogeochemicas cycle by cwhich nitrogen is amvented in various chemtrae foring as A circulates amon me atmosphere, terrestrice, and marcaine ecosystems. comeng - The emuension of nitrogen can be cancriadout through both biological and physical processes The major element of earth's atmosphere is nitrogen being present by 78.09%. Nitrogen occors in many forme and's constinuously cycreof among. a variety of bacteria. The cycling of nitrogen among its man amend this a complex prroress that involves many numerous types of bacteria and Environmental conditions. In general, the nitrogen ayere has five Steps 1. Nitrogen Fixation (Nitrogen (N₂) to Armenia er amonium ion (NA/H) Ore Nitrode (Noz) 2. Nirn Fication (Nit to No) 3. Assimilation (incomperection of Nity and No; into biologicas tissue) 4. Ammoni Fication (eriganic nitrogen compands to NH₃). 5. Denitrification Nitronte (Maj) to Mg(Nitrogen)] 1. Nitrogen Pixadiun - Nitrogen fixation is the process by chich gateaus nitrogen (Ng) is converted to commonia (Allison Mittel wie blologicae fixation ore nissente (Nos) through high energy Physical praces. -Ng (Mithsogen) can be cooveeded in to nitinte (No) through prices that exent a frementus amount of heat, mesure and energy Such process Incudes combustien, volanie action, lightning dischanges, and industrial means. convention Howevere nitrogen is redurally generated via the biologiene commen: Conservation of Ng Ao MH/Nity. A Smais group of bacteria and yanobacteria are capable fengf using the enzyme nitsagenase to break down the bonds among the molecular Onitrogen and combine it with hydrogen chich altimately. Ng Ao NH3/NHET convent 2. Nith freation- Nitrificaution is a towo step promen in which Ammonia (MH/NH) is convertes indu Nog (Nitrate). -Inthe first step, the soil bacteria Nithromonas and nitrococcus convent Ny to Nog (litrite) NH3+2 Ng + hot ht H In the the second step, another bactericm kreccnas Nits bacter, oxidizes Nog to Noz (Nitrite to Nitrate). - These bacteria gain energy through these porones conversions. 3. Assimilation: Assimilention is the process by which plants and animay incorporate the Nos and NH3/NH₂ through nitougen Fixation and nitrifiden - plant take up these fotims of nitrogen through their roots, and Incorporate them into plant proteing and nucleic acids. Animous then able to utilize nitrogen from the plant tiss bay eating thele pants. 4. Ammonification: Assimilation prretores large quantities of organic nitong inccuding protein, aminoacids and averek aulds. The conversion of enganic nitrogen to ammonta on ammeniem lers het by sopy mierobes is known as ammonification. The organic nitrogen in the soil comes from the the decaying of remains and also Re Froom canimal sexeto excreta plant and animas Ouhich contains nitrogenous compounds like protein, cam camino acids, nucleic acide ete. Form these compounds ammonia is produced in the soil by like many species of saprophytte by Same mimmo-organisms bacteria de Bacillus mycoides, Fungi and actinomycetes can also Irendain Fing netease ammenia from the naturou onganic compounds. FOR Proteinaceous compounels, fiest Proteolysis occutes by which proteins ane broken down to amino acid ) Proteolysis: which are subsequently deaminatal to liberate Naz Protein Proteases peptites Peptidases Aminocuin (b) Deamination : Amino acids Depunere Alltz + enggunie compound withart amino group (ex Pyrovic) 5. Denitrificautions The Conversion of nitrate and nitite into ammonia 3333 nitrous oxide (No) ere. Nitrogen gas (12) is called denitrificatim. The procen of reeduction of Nos to gaseous Ng bay occurs by anaerobit bacteria so tha's feroces process actives tabere them is litte ore no oxynen, such as deep scoil nean water table. Henre areas such as aedlands Provides a valuable place for reducing excess nitrogen levey via denitrification procemes (3) The phosphorus Cycle- The phosphorous cycre is a biogeogeochemicou eyere that deals with the movement of phosphorus in the form of different compounds = through hrough the the faath's various System like the biosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere. Phosphorus is an important exement for all living beings as it is the cow materñece fon the poft nucleotides retos mi as well as act as a minerae foss growth. unitke others biogeochemical eyeres, the atmosphere doesn't act as a relemtin For Phosphorus in the phosphotus tyre beraure, phosphorus and Prosphorces based compounds are usiany selld at typical ranges of temperatore and pressure found anthe earth, The production of phosphine gar (Pts Jorniss In only specialized local concition. -The cycle consists of processes like weathercing that take hundreds of years to complete, thus, the phosphorus cyocle is considered one of the slowest blogeocheminae cyre. - The phosphorus lyere is a type of sedimentary cycve. Phosphateus if extso one of the compounds move Through the lotosphere both terrestrice and areanic, to maintain a brusco balance init's Concentration. Steps of phosphorus Cyeve the mechanism of clearly understood. the phosphorus cycle is not as as other biogeo chemical cycles. Howevere & it is known that the phosphorus cycle is a slow process, consisting Forouing porociess. of the (1) weathering (") Phosphorus intake by plants. (ii) movement of phosphorus in the food chain. (iv) Returen of phosphorous to the ecosystem. (i) Weathering & Rocks are one of the primary Sources and reservoire of Phosphorus, whence they romain combined with other evements. •Then phosphorus in the then treaches the soil by the action of rain of by acid produced by different microorganism. Ditterent micro organisms like Actinomycetes, Pseudomonas, bacillus Aspergrillus etr. are involved in the Solubilization of phosphereas in the sof Cathete it is availase to Pants and other animals. Besides, main also cause Soubilization of incorganic phosphones so that PAR's trocains poreted to the oreans. • Natural prothess like volcanic activity and astenic activity also and in the release of phosphorios into the soft. i) phosphorous intake by prints. The available phosphorous in the soll is then taken up by different living beings like pants amopanimous and mieru organiση, -The amount of phosphorus cavalλάσιο το prrents in the son is very less and thes Fertilizers containing phosphorus are tibe added to improve plant growth and Soil Fertility? The aquatic plants in creans also abses bel phosphoreet of aquretic sediment. How sper sebe photphosphalt erlayers Some might Properery inwates, and thus the avilability of phosphorces in also be net distivred wates might limited. Plants can either take up phosphorus canke Phosphorus can be moebe available to -chrecitly from the soft, os the plants by different Symbiotic () movement of phosphorers in the food Chain the phosphorus absorbed by the plants is used to form different oregonte compound in the prodires. The oregante compounds then move th the Rovel chais as through Cancuner Feed on prodices, resulting inithe movement of phosphorous from one furry of life to another. The Origanic Farmof phosphorces also endergoes changes as it maxs through the consumers. The phosphorous transferred to the consumers For the Formation of tissue like banes biorste cores like the nukleotides and. Connective s (iv) Return of thosephorus to the ecosystem: The phosphorus present in siving belrejs can be trans fessed back to the reservoir by the action of de compasing micro organiens envoire in the lithosphere on the deal plants danmall. In this step, the organic form of phosphorous are coment Prengut forms by the pare proress of minerallzation intel Pato thes - Different decomposing On Saprophytic micmorganisms like fingi and bacteria are involved in this step to breance the Concentration of phosphorous have ecosystom