Alkali Metals or Soluble Groups Active Elements

(GROUP 1-A) Alkali Metals or Soluble Groups “ACTIVE ELEMENTS” Hydroxides and Oxides are STRONGLY BASIC Activity and Alkalinity increase with atomic number Degree of solvation (attract water) decrease with atomic number ↓A# = ↑Activity and Alkalinity ↑A# = ↓Affinity/DS ↑A# = ↓Melting Point HYDROGEN or Inflammable Air - a gaseous element that shares the same properties with alkali metal Method of preparation: LANE PROCESS - mass production of H by: Howard Lane MESSERSCHMIDT PROCESS - produces 99% pure ISOTOPES of Hydrogen: (same Protons, different Neutron) PROTIUM (H2O)- most abundant Hydrogen DEUTERIUM (D2O)- heavy water TRITIUM - radioactive LITHIUM TX: Mania and Mental disorder Pharmacological actions: a dangerous drug, has narrow therapeutic index CNS Depressant, Diuretic take higher dose than the normal dose = overdose use: Heat exchanger in aircon take lower dose than the normal dose = underdose S/E: Movement Tremors (most common Neurologic SE) Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus Ebstein's anomaly - Fetus tricuspid valve is malformation (valve between right atrium and right ventricle and prevent backflow of blood) compounds: Lithium Bromide (LiBr) other names: properties: ● Valence electron: 1 ● SOFTER than most other metals ● MOST REACTIVE metals, that DO NOT OCCUR FREELY in nature. ● React with HALOGEN to form SALTS ● React with OXYGEN and AIR forming BASIC OXIDES HYDROGEN or Inflammable Air Lightest Element Universe Most Abundant Element Density: 1 g/mL HELIUM - 2nd Lightest Element means: to produce water discovered by: Henry Cavendish named by: Antoine Laurent Lavoisier LITHIUM 3rd Lightest Element Lightest Metal Density: 0.534 g/mL - float in water derived: “lithos” - Stones discovered by: J.A Arfwedson Atomic Number: 3 Melting Point: 186°C Mass Number: 7 use: Lithium Monobromide CNS Depressant Diuretic 5 Bromide Elixirs: Ammonium bromide, Sodium bromide, Potassium bromide, Lithium bromide, Calcium bromide 3 Bromide Elixirs: Ammonium bromide, Sodium bromide, Potassium bromide Lithium Carbonate (Li2CO3) Lithase, Quilonium, Eskalith (brand names) Tx: Mania manufacture of Lithia Water Antacids (Carbonate) Anti-Rheumatic SODIUM or Natrium - the cation of choice to optimize the pharmaceutical utility of organic medicaments. Official Tests: When converted to CHLORIDE or NITRATE: Golden Yellow Precipitate with Cobalt-Uranyl Acetate Test Result Nonluminous Flame: Persistent Golden Yellow compounds: other names: metals: PISO (+) MICO (+) nonmetals: PICO(N) SIBO (N) Atomic Number: 11 Melting Point: 97.5°C Mass Number: 22.99 use: Sodium Acetate (NaCH3COO) Sodium Bicarbonate (NaHCO3) SODIUM or Natrium Most Abundant Extracellular Cation discovered by: Humphry Davy Sodium Ethanoate 🫀 Systemic and Urinary Alkalinizer Diuretic, Antacid Carbonating Agent Baking Soda Denige's test - Differentiate Citric acid and Tartaric acid ⇓ DOc: systemic acidosis ⇓ positive result: Carmine Red Emerald Green manufacture of Effervescent Tablets ex: NAC - together with Citric acid and Tartaric acid S/E: Rebound Hyperacidity contraindication: Hypertensive Patient (Na causes water retention increases systemic vascular resistance, and causes an increase in blood pressure) Sodium Carbonate (Na2CO3) manufacture of Soda Lime Glass FORMS: Decahydrate (Na2CO3 10H2O) ‘a lot of water to Wash with Soda’ Antacid Carbonating Agent Washing Soda Sal Soda Soda Crystal Ingredients in Benedict's Reagent - test reducing agents or sugar - together with Na2C6H5O7 and CuSO4 positive result: Brick Red Sesquihydrate (Na2CO3 1 ½ H2O) ‘uniQUe forms’ BEN is CiaS Copper Sulfate Sodium Carbonate Sodium Citrate Trona Urao Anhydrous (no water) Soda Ash Calcined Soda Sodium Chloride (NaCl) Table Salt, Rock Salt, Solar Salt ⇓ ⇓ obtain from mining ex: Himalayan salt Sodium Citrate (Na2C6H5O7) obtain from evaporation common in Philippines Electrolyte Replenisher (major source of ORS) Tonicity Adjusting Agent Condiment Preservative Buffer Expectorant Diuretic In-vitro: Anticoagulant by inactivation of Blood Calcium (Clotting Factor no. 4) outside of body In-vivo: Coagulant (Pamumuo) "shortens coagulation time" inside of body 9:40 💩 Sodium Dihydrogen Phosphate (NaH2PO4) Sodium Fluoride (NaF) ‘TwoNa in colgate’ 🦷 Fleet Enema - not drank (brand name) Anticarcinogenic at 2% (prevent tooth cavities) Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) Coustic Soda, Soda Lye, Liquid Sosa ‘Soap Hard’ ‘Hyd Cous 2 Lye/i” Dakin's solution or Sodium Hypochlorite Solution contains 4-6% NaClO Labarraque's solution contains 50 parts of Dakin’s solution and 50 parts water, diluted form of Dakin's solution Modified Dakin’s solution contains 0.45-0.50% NaClO Bleaching Agent (found in Zonrox ingredients) Disinfectant Dakins Laba Oxidizing Agent Expectorant (except toxic iodide are not expectorant) Anti-fungal Iodine Solubilizer (to mix iodide and water) Sodium Iodide (NaI) Tx: goiter Removes clog Saponifying agent = Hard Soap STRONG BASE causes Liquefactive Necrosis ex: Sodium Hydroxide STRONG ACID causes Coagulative Necrosis ex: Muriatic Acid Silver Nitrate: Coustic Pencil Sodium Hypochlorite (NaClO) Cathartic, Complete stool evacuation, Relieve Constipation, Colonoscopy Urinary Acidifier: Methenamine (Urotropin) → Urine acidify→ Formaldehyde (has an antibacterial effect) ‘INa’ Diuretic, Antacid Sodium Lactate (NaC3H5O3) "chloride" Sodium Nitrate (NaNO3) 💣 manufacture of Explosive Sodium Nitrite (NaNO2) 💙Peru’ Chile saltpeter, Peru saltpeter ‘ChiNa Salitre in Philippine Market Tx: cyanide poisoning Ingredient in Lactated Ringer’s solution or Hartman's Solution - together with NaCl, KCl, CaCl2 Meat preservative = Carcinogenic (Nitrates go inside the body and interact with amines produce NITROSAMINES cause cancer) Fertilizer (oldest known inorganic fertilizer) Relaxes: Smooth Muscles Blood Vessels Cyanide Kit: Physiologic antidote: Amyl Nitrite, Sodium Nitrite Chemical antidote: Sodium Thiosulfate Cyanide Pill (solid form) for painless death - present in Solid, Liquid, and Gas - smoke inhalation, suicide ingestion (common in science person), medicines (Na nitropuside), industrial exposure, bitter almonds, seed of apple, cassava Mechanism of Cyanide Poisoning: Cyanide loves bidding to FERRIC IONS (Fe3+) present: Methemoglobin - present in sick person - can be induced in the body by giving Amyl Nitrite and Sodium Nitrite Cytochrome Oxidase - blocking complex no.4 of electron transport chain leading to stop cellular respiration = cells dies and human death Cyanide + Methemoglobin → Cyanomethemoglobin → Liver Rhodinase with (Na2S2O3 5H2O) → Thiocyanate (less toxic cyanide and can be excreted) Sodium Perborate (NaBO3 4H2O) Tx: VINCENT’S ANGINA or trench mouth Sodium Sulfate (Na2SO4 10H2O) 🧂 10:00 Glauber's salt, Sal mirabile Primary Standard for Water Content Determination Method 1: Karl Fisher Method Karl Fisher Reagent: Pyridine, Iodine, Methanol, Sulfur dioxide ‘Py Idol Met Suho DiXO’ Sodium Tartrate (Na2C4H4O6) 📸 Sodium Thiosulfate (Na2S2O3 5H2O) Saline Laxative Photographer's hypo, Hypochlor, Prismatic hypo Management for Iodine Toxicity Reduces Iodine (BEQ!) Tx: skin diseases (ringworms) Flame photometer - instrument used to measure sodium and potassium in quantitatively POTASSIUM or Kalium POTASSIUM or Kalium Most Abundant Intracellular Cation Pharmacological actions: Important to Smooth Muscle Contraction Diuretic - meds that increase volume of urine to be excreted Atomic Number: 19 Melting Point: 62°C Mass Number: 39 Deficiency: Hypokalemia = paralysis Toxicity: Hyperkalemia = cardiac arrest compounds: Other names: uses Potassium Acetate (KCH3COO) Systemic and Urinary Alkalinizer, Diuretic, Antacid Potassium Bicarbonate (KCOH3) Carbonating Agent, Diuretic, Antacid Potassium Bitartrate (KC4H5O6) 🧁 Cream of Tartar Potassium Carbonate (K2CO3) Carbonate of Potash, Pearl Ash, Salt of Tartar, Salt of Wormwood Tx: Meniere's disease - inner ear disorder leads to dizzy spells (vertigo) and hearing loss Myasthenia gravis - muscle weakness Familial/HYPOKHALEMIC periodic Paralysis rare genetic disorder of episodes of muscle weakness and flaccid paralysis, with loss of deep tendon reflexes and unresponsiveness to electrical stimulation. Diuretic, Antacid (When taken internally in large doses, it produces Severe Gastric Irritation and cause death) Oxidizing Germicide Potassium Chlorate (KClO3) Potassium Chloride (KCl) Laxative, Diuretic Baking Sedative Potassium Bromide (KBr) - metals: PISO (+) MICO (+) nonmetals: PICO(N) SIBO (N) Kalium Durules (brand name) Electrolyte Replenisher Diuretic cause: Cardiac Arrest NEVER be administered by IV push (must given little by little) Orange label: High Alert Medication Ingredients in Lethal Injection: Death penalty - together with Sodium Thiopental, Pancuronium Bromide ⇓ induce sleep ultra short-acting barbiturate ⇓ relax muscle, paralyze paralyzes diaphragm and lungs