Human Body Material

BIOLOGICAL 1. The following are kidney stones in humans. a. How do kidney stones form? Kidney stones form when urine contains more substances crystal forming like chemicals rather than deep liquids urine. Kidney stone formation can also occur when the body is deficient a substance that can prevent stones from sticking together. b. Explain where kidney stones are formed! Kidney stones can occur along the urinary tract, from the kidneys, ureters (urinary tubes carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder bladder), bladder, and urethra (urinary tract that carries urine out of the body). Kidney stones are formed from waste in the blood form crystals and accumulate in the kidneys. c. Explain the difference between kidney failure and kidney stones! a) Kidney failure Is a condition in which the kidneys lose their ability to filter liquids and food debris. Kidneys that don't functions due to the poor lifestyle of someone who have the kidney. b) Kidney stones Is the formation of small and hard rocks from accumulation of minerals and salts in one or both organs kidney. This disease is usually caused by bad habits from someone, like always holding back urination. 2. What happens if the insulin hormone level in the body decreases? How does the ADH hormone respond to the concentration of water inside body? When the insulin hormone decreases, the glucose level in the blood increases will increase. This condition will trigger the kidneys to filter more extra, so glucose is excreted in the urine. This disease is often called with diabetes or diabetes mellitus. ADH hormone response is to regulate the amount of water absorbed by the liver. osmotic pressure on high serum or decreased intravascular blood volume will stimulate ADH production. Stress, surgery, or mind loads can also be stimulating ADH. The more ADH that is produced, the more water that is absorbed by the kidneys. 3. The liver is the largest excretory organ. a. Write down the types of substances secreted by the liver! 1) Bile Is a substance produced by the liver to form the process digestion, especially in terms of breaking down the fat that goes into body into fatty acids that can be processed in the digestive tract. 2) Albumins Is one type of protein in the blood that plays a role to distribute hormones, medicinal substances, fatty acids, to vitamins and enzymes throughout the body. This substance also functions for keep fluids in the blood from leaking into the tissues another. 3) Cholesterol Inside plays a role in the production of hormones such as testosterone and estrogen, production of vitamin D, and production of bile acids essential for the fat dissolving process. 4) Urea The liver converts toxic ammonia into a substance called urea. After producing urea, the liver will secrete the substance into blood to get to the kidneys. In the kidney, urea will be processed and then excreted from the body through urine. b. What are the functions of the liver? 1) Destroys old/damaged red blood cells 2) leanses blood and neutralizes toxins 3) A place to store nutrients, vitamins and minerals 4) Producing proteins 5) Protein metabolism and launch deep fat metabolism body 6) Producing bile and storing energy c. Create an ornithine cycle section and explain the cycle! The reactions that occur during the ornithine cycle are: 2 NH3 + CO2 + 3 ATP + H2O → urea + 2 ADP + 4 Pi + AMP. The ornithine cycle, also known as the urea cycle, is a cycle that occurs due to the reaction of converting ammonia (NH3) to urea ((NH2)2CO). There are 5 stages: 1) The first reaction is the synthesis of carbomoyl phosphate 2) The second reaction is citrulline synthesis 3) The third reaction is the synthesis of argininosuccinate 4) The fourth reaction is the cleavage of argininosuccinate into arginine and fumarate 5) The fifth reaction is the cleavage of arginine into ornithine and urea In mammals, the ornithine cycle occurs in the liver. Whereas in aves, In reptiles and amphibians, the ornithine cycle occurs in the kidneys