Atmosphere Chapter Material

ATMOSPHERE A. LAYER OF THE ATMOSPHERE Vertically, the atmosphere layer with a thickness of about 1000 km consists of five layers and have different functions and characteristics. Here are some types of layers atmosphere : 1. TROPOSPHERE This layer is the lowest layer (closest to the earth), with characteristics include: a. In direct contact with the earth's surface b. The layer where various symptoms or weather events occur such as rain, wind, storm, etc c. Contains about 80-90% of the gases in the atmosphere including dust and water vapour d. In this layer, every 100 meters above the earth's surface, the temperature drops by about 0.6 degrees Celsius e. The top of this layer is the intermediate layer (TROPOPAUSE), which is the intermediate layer tropopause with the overlying layers. 2. STRATOSPHERE It is above the troposphere, with the following characteristics: a. It is thick at the poles and very thin and sometimes absent at the equator b. It consists of three isothermal layers, a hot layer and a top mixed layer. c. Place a layer of O3 (ozone) which is useful for absorbing ultra violet rays so safe for living things on earth. Ozone appears as a reaction between oxygen and oxide d. The stratopause is the layer between the stratosphere and the layer above, the temperature constant around 5 degrees Celsius. 3. MESOSPHERE The characteristics of this layer include: a. The occurrence of a decrease in temperature with increasing altitude, the temperature can reaches minus 83 degrees Celsius. b. Serves to destroy the meteor so that the life of living things (humans) protected from the threat of extraterrestrial objects. c. The top of the mesosphere is the mesopause 4. THERMOSPHERE / IONOSPHERE The characteristics of this layer are as follows: a. There is an increase in temperature with increasing altitude, which can reach 1700 degrees celsius. This happens because of the absorption of X-ray and ultra radiation violets emitted by the sun. b. Also called the IONOSPHERE layer because in this layer (at an altitude of 100 km) IONIZATION process occurs, namely the formation of positive ions and free electrons which negatively charged. B. ELEMENTS OF WEATHER AND CLIMATE There are several elements that affect weather and climate such as sunlight, temperature air, air pressure, wind, air humidity, clouds, fog and precipitation. 1. Sun exposure Every place on the surface of the earth has a different intensity of sunlight. This is partly due to the influence of several factors such as the angle of incidence of lightsun, radiation duration, distance from the sea, altitude, relief of the earth's surface and the influence of the wind. 2. Air temperature Temperature is hot. The heat level is measured by a thermometer. Air heating is obtained through two processes, namely direct heating (eg absorption, reflection and diffusion) and indirect (such as conduction, convection, advection and turbulence). The elements of air temperature are the same as the elements that affect it the sun's radiation received by the earth. 3. Air Pressure Is the weight of the air mass over a unit area. Air pressure can There are two types of air pressure distribution, namely vertical and horizontal air pressure distribution. Factors that affect air pressure are air temperature, latitude, distribution sea and land and altitude. 4. Wind Is air moving from an area of high pressure (low temperature) to low pressure (high temperature). So the bigger the difference the temperature, the greater the difference in air pressure so that it makes the wind is getting stronger. Several types of wind, namely FIXED WIND (passat and anti-passat winds as well west and east winds), PERIODICAL SEASONAL and DAILY winds (land and sea, valley and mountain breezes), fohn winds. 5. Humidity Is the content of water vapor in the air, water vapor comes from evaporation (evaporation from water areas in the sea and land) and transpiration (evaporation from plant. 6. Clouds Is a collection of visible water droplets in the atmosphere. Clouds can be divided into several types: a. Based on their shape, they are grouped into clustered clouds and clouds layered b. Based on the height, grouped into: 1) High clouds (cirrus, cirrostratus, and cirrocumulus ) 2) Middle clouds (altostratus, and altocumulus) 3) Low clouds (stratocumulus, stratus, nimbostratus) 4) Clouds with vertical growth (cumulus and cumulonimbus) 7. Mist Is a low cloud on the surface of the earth. Consists of four types, namely: fog paddy field, advection fog, industrial fog and cooling fog. 8. Rainfall Is the event of the fall of various natural formations of air masses (clouds) that thick and has condensed like drops of water, snow or ice onto the surface of the earth. Rain is divided into several types, namely: a. Based on the intensity: fine rain, drizzle, normal rain and heavy rain b. Based on the incident, it is divided into Zenithal/convection rain, frontal rain, and rain cyclones, mountain/orographic rain c. Based on the time: Monsoon rains, winter rains and monsoon rains hot