Histopathology Definition of Terms

HISTOPATHOLOGY DEFINITION OF TERMS BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS Also referred to as biohazards, biological hazards come from any biological substances that pose risks or threats to the health of living organisms (mostly humans and animals). TYPES OF BIOHAZARDS - Viruses - Toxins from biological sources - Spores - Fungi - Pathogenic micro-organisms - Bio-active substances STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES (SOPs) - A set of instructions for performing experiments or processes that involve hazards (chemical, physical, biological, radiation). - Usually mandated by accrediting or regulatory agencies to ensure that laboratory is safe ERGONOMICS - refers to the practice of adapting the lab environment to the user's requirements. - Many tasks performed in laboratories can put workers at risk of injuries such as repetitive strain injury, and back or neck pain. - Each laboratory will face its own challenges based on the existing seating, lighting, equipment and the people themselves. TYPES OF MICROSCOPES 1. BRIGHT FIELD MICROSCOPE - also known as a compound light microscopy, an optical microscope that uses light rays to produce a dark image against a bright background. - It is the standard microscope that is used in Biology, Cellular Biology, and Microbiological Laboratory studies. 2. DARK FIELD MICROSCOPE - ideally used to illuminate unstained samples causing them to appear brightly lit against a dark background. It contains a special condenser that scatters light and causes it to reflect off the specimen at an angle. 3. LUORESCENCE MICROSCOPE - is an optical microscope that uses fluorescence and phosphorescence instead of, or in addition to, reflection and absorption to study the properties of organic or inorganic substances. - is a precision instrument intended for microscopic detection of tubercle bacilli in specimens in the routine diagnostic. 4. ELECTRON MICROSCOPE is a technique for obtaining high resolution images of biological and non-biological specimens. It is used in biomedical research to investigate the detailed structure of tissues, cells, organelles and macromolecular complexes. TYPES OF ELECTRON MICROSCOPE 4.1. TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPE (TEM) - is used to view thin specimens (tissue sections, molecules, etc) through which electrons can pass generating a projection image. - works on the same principle as an optical microscope but uses electrons instead of light and electromagnet instead of glass lenses. 4.2. SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE - uses a focused beam of high-energy electrons to generate a variety of signals at the surface of solid specimens. - Uses electron illumination and looks at the surface of bulk objects by scanning the surface with a fine electron . PROPER CARE AND MAINTENANCE OF MICROSCOPE 1. When carrying your micrescope, always use two hands 2. Keep lenses ciear of slides 3. Alter using immersion oil, clean the lens immediately 4. Always clean carefully and with the appropriate cleaning solution 5. Always use the dust cover when the microscope is not in use 6. Srtore your microscope in a caol, dry place 7. Look after the bulb by allowing it to cool before putting away 8. Reep your user mansal in a safe place 9. Regularly check the condition of the micrescope 10. Have your microscope serviced professionally      ACCESSIONING Same sample types from different patients must be accessioned with interval Question of ID similar sample, the lab may have to resort to DNA ID Differentiate each specimen from different patient Give extra differentiation EXAMPLE: barcoding UNACCEPTBLE FOR ACCESSIONING: 1. Unlabeled specimen 2. Improper (mismatched data) —data are inconsistent or information of the patients or request form mismatch 3. Listed number of samples do not correspond to the number submitted SPECIMEN ACCESSIONING  Request Form: contains the patient information, history and description of the site of origin.  The specimens will then be accessioned by giving them serial number to identify each specimen frim each patient. STEPS IN SPECIMEN ACCESSIONING 1. Complete the forms/documents such as Histopathology Requestion Form, receipt of the transaction and other pertinent documents 2. Specimen pre-fixed with formalin 3. Accession the specimen by writing the serial number 4. Write all the details in the logbook (Serial number, patients name, age, sex, room, specimen, name of pathologist who will examine, date specimen received and due date 5. Fill out the Surgical Pathology Worksheet 6. Attach all the documents in one folder SOURCES OF SPECIMEN 1. INCISIONAL BIOPSY 2. EXCISIONAL 3. BIOPSY 4. AUTOPSY   WORKSHEET This is where annotations during gross examination and microscopic descriptions are written All information must be complete and written legibly POLICY  All specimens must be delivered to the laboratory immediately (max of f hour) with a completed requisition form  All specimens must be labelled properly TRECEIVING AND HANDLING  Observe universal precaution (treat all specimen as potential hazardous). Wear appropriate PPEl  Check the condition of specimen.  Label and requisition must be a match.  The information on the specimen container must match the information submitted on the requisition form.  Record the specimen data on a log book including the complete name of receiver, date and time.  Designate correct accession number (specimen number) REQUISITION FORM It contains the following information 1. Patient's Name 2. Age, Sex and Birthdate 3. Medical Record Number 4. Date and Time of Collection 5. Type of specimen (Anatomic site) 6. Location of the patient 7. Clinical history of the patient 8. Pre/Post operation diagnosis 9. The requesting physician's name 10. Physician or authorized person's signature on the request form SPECIMEN CONTAINERS The following information must be present in the label 1. Patient full name 2. Medical record number 3. Age and sex 4. Date and Time of Collection 5. Type of specimen (Anatomic site) 6. Location of the patient SPECIMEN REJECTION CRITERIA The specimen must be rejected if: 1. Unlabeled or wrong label on specimen 2. Incomplete patient information/clinical history 3. Left unfixed or unrefrigerated for an extended period of time 4. Putrefied or autolyzed specimens: 4.1. Putrefied: rotten or decayed specimen 4.2. Autolyzed: caused by poor fixation of the specimen 5. Damaged specimen or broken slides 6. Insufficient sample for processing 7. Spilled or contaminated specimen 8. Failure of the requesting physician to enter the request in the computer 9. Empty containers without the specimen or form 10. Referral pathology consultation material without histopathology report of referring hospital