Computer Architecture

Table 2.3 Example members of the IBM 700/7000 Series Model Number First Delivery CPU Technology Memory Technology Cycle Time (µs) Memory Size (K) Number of Opcodes Number of Index Registers Hardwired FloatingPoint I/O Overlap (Channels) Instruction Fetch Overlap Speed (relative to 701) 701 1952 Vacuum tubes Electrostati c tubes 30 2–4 24 0 no no no 1 704 1955 Vacuum tubes Core 12 4–32 80 3 yes no no 2.5 709 1958 Vacuum tubes Core 12 32 140 3 yes yes no 4 7090 1960 Transistor Core 2.18 32 169 3 yes yes no 25 7094 I 1962 Transistor Core 2 32 185 7 yes (double precision) yes yes 30 7094 II 1964 Transistor Core 1.4 32 185 7 yes (double precision) yes yes 50 Table 2.5 Evolution of the PDP-8 [VOEL88] Model PDP-8 First Shipped 4/65 Cost of Processor + 4K 12-bit Words of Memory ($1000s) 16.2 Data Rate from Memory (words/µsec) 1.26 PDP-8/5 9/66 8.79 0.08 PDP-8/1 4/68 11.6 1.34 PDP-8/L PDP-8/E PDP-8/M 11/68 3/71 6/72 7.0 4.99 3.69 1.26 1.52 1.52 PDP-8/A 1/75 2.6 1.34 Volume (cubic Innovations and feet) Improvements 8.0 Automatic wirewrapping production 3.2 Serial instruction implementation 8.0 Medium scale integrated circuits 2.0 Smaller cabinet 2.2 Omnibus 1.8 Half-size cabinet with fewer slots than 8/E 1.2 Semiconductor memory; floating-point processor Table 2.6 Evolution of Intel Microprocessors (page 1 of 2) (a) 1970s Processors Introduced Clock speeds Bus width Number of transistors Feature size (µm) Addressable memory 4004 1971 8008 1972 8080 1974 108 kHz 108 kHz 2 MHz 4 bits 8 bits 8 bits 2,300 3,500 6,000 29,000 29,000 6 3 6 64 KB 1 MB 1 MB 10 640 Bytes 16 KB 8086 1978 5 MHz, 8 MHz, MHz 16 bits 8088 1979 10 5 MHz, 8 MHz 8 bits (b) 1980s Processors Introduced Clock speeds Bus width Number of transistors Feature size (µm) Addressable memory Virtual memory Cache 80286 1982 6 MHz - 12.5 MHz 16 bits 386TM DX 1985 386TM SX 1988 486TM DX CPU 1989 16 MHz - 33 MHz 16 MHz - 33 MHz 25 MHz - 50 MHz 32 bits 16 bits 32 bits 134,000 275,000 275,000 1.2 million 1.5 16 MB 1 GB — 1 4 GB 64 TB — 1 16 MB 64 TB — 0.8 - 1 4 GB 64 TB 8 kB Table 2.6 Evolution of Intel Microprocessors (page 2 of 2) (c) 1990s Processors Introduced Clock speeds Bus width Number of transistors Feature size (µm) Addressable memory Virtual memory Cache 486TM SX 1991 16 MHz - 33 MHz 32 bits Pentium 1993 60 MHz - 166 MHz, 32 bits Pentium Pro 1995 150 MHz - 200 MHz 64 bits Pentium II 1997 200 MHz - 300 MHz 64 bits 1.185 million 3.1 million 5.5 million 7.5 million 1 0.8 0.6 0.35 4 GB 4 GB 64 GB 64 GB 64 TB 64 TB 64 TB 64 TB 8 kB 8 kB 512 kB L1 and 1 MB L2 512 kB L2 (d) Recent Processors Introduced Clock speeds Bus sidth Number of transistors Feature size (nm) Addressable memory Virtual memory Cache Pentium III 1999 450 - 660 MHz 64 bits Pentium 4 2000 1.3 - 1.8 GHz 64 bits Core 2 Duo 2006 1.06 - 1.2 GHz 64 bits Core 2 Quad 2008 3 GHz 64 bits 9.5 million 42 million 167 million 820 million 250 180 65 45 64 GB 64 GB 64 GB 64 GB 64 TB 512 kB L2 64 TB 256 kB L2 64 TB 2 MB L2 64 TB 6 MB L2