Sede Vacante 1471 Course Materials

SEDE VACANTE 1471 July 26, 1471 — August 9, 1471 There were no coins or medals. Cardinal Guillaume d'Estouteville, BIshop of Ostia It appears that there was no Cardinal Chamberlain S.R.E. in 1471. Cardinal Ludovico Scarampi Trevisano had died in 1465, and Cardinal Latino Orsini did not become Camerlengo until August of 1471, after the election of Sixtus IV, who appointed him—allegedly out of gratitude for his assistance in his election . The Dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals was Cardinal Bessarion (Nicaeanus), Cardinal Bishop of Sabina. He was born in Trebizond, probably on January 2, 1403 [Vast, p. 2]. He died at Ravenna on November 18, 1472. [C. Eubel Hierarchia catholica II, p. 37, no. 311; p. 38, no. 317, no. 325]. His funeral oration, pronounced by Nicolaus Capranica, stated that he was sixty-nine years, ten months and sixteen days old. The Magister Sacri Palatii was frater Leonardus Mansuetus, OP, of Perugia (1465-1474). He had been provincial Praefectus of the Roman Province of his Order. He was elected Master General of his Order in 1474. He died on July 26/27, 1480 [Catalano, de magistro sacri palatii , pp. 97-98]. The position of Marshal of the Holy Roman Church and Guardian of the Conclave, which belonged to the family of the Savelli, was vacant at the Conclave of 1471. The office was confirmed to Pietro Francesco Savelli, eldest son of Pandolfo Savelli, in a bull issued by the new Pope, Sixtus IV, on August 21, 1471. He held the office until his death in 1482 [G. Moroni, Dizionario storico-ecclesiastica 42, 281-282; G. Bourgin, 216 and n.8]. It was in the year 1471 that Bartolomeo Platina completed his series of lives of the Popes, as far as Paul II. It was first published in Venice in 1479. The original manuscript, in Platina's hand, is in the Vatican Library (no. 2044). It had been presented to Pope Sixtus IV by Platina himself [Pastor IV, pp. 446-451], who was his bibliothecarius by 1475, and praefectus of the Library down to his death in 1481 [Zanelli, La Bibliotheca Vaticana, p. 15-16; Carini, La Biblioteca Vaticana, p. 48-49]. Platina had been arrested in February, 1468, along with other members of the Roman Academy, led by Pomponius Laetus, on charges of conspiracy to murder Pope Paul II (Barbo), and charges of heresy, relating to their use of pagan personal names rather than Christian ones, of engaging in rituals in celebration of ancient Roman holidays (they were particularly devoted to the Genius of Rome). It is also clear that they made fun of the Pope and his predecessors, and criticized papal policy. The charges of murder were dropped immediately, being without grounds. Paul II, however, deemed the misconduct of the Roman Academy to be serious, and he referred them to the Inquisition. Platina was sent to the Castel S. Angelo, where he was tortured on the orders of the Vicar of Christ and kept in confinement for more than a year [Creighton, The History of the Popes III (London 1887), pp. 41-47]. On February 2, 1468, Pope Paul II managed to achieve a general peace in Italy, including Ferdinando I of Naples, the Signoria of Venice, Duke Galeazzo Maria Sforza of Milan, the city of Florence, and the Marchese of Mantua [Niccola della Tuccia, Cronaca di Viterbo p. 272 ed. Ciampi]. This agreement certainly ended Sigismondo Malatesta's threat in northern Italy, and it apparently cleared the way for the resumption of the crusade against the Ottoman Turks. Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta, Lord of Rimini [ right ], died on October 7, 1468, at the age of fifty-one [Muratori, Annali d' Italia second edition 13 (Milan 1753) 223; Yriarte, pp. 275-299]. Paul II had been following up on some initiatives of Pius II. Sigismondo had not been included in the Peace of Lodi (1454), and he was therefore legitimate prey of the Venetians, the Papal government, and the Neapolitans. On December 25, 1460, a trial took place in Rome, arraigning Sigismondo and convicting him of heresy (involving charges of incest, sodomy and other crimes). A concerted military operation, involving the Pope, the King of Naples, Duke Francesco Sforza of Milan, and the Duke of Urbino, Federico da Montefeltro, attacked Sigismondo, but he was able to defeat the papal forces at Castelleone di Suasa on July 21, 1462. He himself was severely defeated, however, at a battle near Senigallia on August 12, 1462. In 1463 the Malatesta lost Fano. Sigismondo left Italy entirely for a time, and joined the crusade against the Ottoman Turks in the Morea. His son, Roberto, took service with Francesco Sforza, and then with the Papacy, fighting on the southern border of the Papal States [Yriarte, pp.339-355]. When Paul II came to the throne, he attempted to get the Malatesta out of Rimini by means of an exchange of territories (Spoleto and Camerino)— which was unsatisfactory. When Sigismondo returned from crusade in 1466, he named his son Sallustio as his heir (and his wife Isotta as Regent) rather than Roberto. In return, in 1468, Sigismondo planned to attack and murder the Pope. He failed in holding to his plan, and was forced to enter into a peace with Paul II. The peace was negotiated by Cardinal Marco Barbo, the Pope's nephew, and Angelo Fasolo, the Bishop of Feltre, and signed on June 23, 1468 [Yriarte, p. 298]. Sigismondo died less than four months later. Roberto Malatesta was sent by Paul II to recover Rimini from his half-brother, and he was briefly successful, during which time he deserted Paul II to his own advantage; he even defeated the papal army which had been sent to oust him. He also married Elisabetta da Montefeltro, daughter of Duke Frederick of Urbino (who now backed Roberto), and Roberto poisoned his stepmother and half-brother. Paul II, on his death, left behind an extremely unstable and dangerous situation in the Marches, where the Church's authority and prestige was greatly diminished. Also in 1468, the Emperor Frederick III decided to pay (an unofficial) visit to Rome. On November 3 and 9, he wrote from Graz that he intended a visit, and Paul II replied on December 9 that he would be overjoyed to receive the Emperor. He sent Cardinal Legates north to meet and accompany the Emperor to the City. Cardinal d'Estouteville and Cardinal Todeschini-Piccolomini met the Emperor in Tuscany at Narnia in December of 1468 [Ammannati Epistolae 310 (December 22, 1468), to Cardinal Alain Coëtivy]. They arrived in Rome on the evening of Christmas eve [Agostino Patrizi, Descriptio adventus Friderici III. Imperatoris, p. 206]. The visit was a great diplomatic and social success, the Pope treating the Emperor as an equal. But Frederick had hoped to persuade the Pope to summon a General Council at Constanz, to deal with heresy throughout Germany. The Pope, however, was strongly inclined against any General Council whatever. At the conclusion of the Emperor Fredrick III's visit to Rome (December 25,1468— January 9, 1469), Cardinal Borgia and Cardinal Capranica accompanied the Emperor on his return north as far as Viterbo [Agostino Patrizi, Descriptio adventus Friderici III. Imperatoris, p. 216]. During this journey he took great pains to win friends, by passing out titles and privileges in great profusion. He was in Ferrara on February 1, 1469, and had conversations with Guglielmo of Montferrat. In Venice, Doge Cristoforo Moro was old and sick and struck by the loss of the last Venetian outpost in the East, Negroponte, on July 12, 1470 [Angelo de Tummulillis, Notabilia temporum pp. 161-171 Corvisieri]. The Doge died on November 9, 1471, placing the entire matter of a crusade into Limbo once again. The fall of Negroponte, however, had a galvanizing effect on the Empire. Paul summoned a meeting in Rome, but only managed to obtain a defensive alliance on the part of the powers, which still left Hungary and the rest of the Balkans in grave danger. The Emperor Frederick III was thoroughly terrified at the weakness of his own resources in the face of the Ottoman threat. He therefore moved to summon a Diet of the Empire, with the purpose of enlisting the active and material support of the German princes in yet another attempt at a crusade. The Diet was scheduled to meet at Ratisbon, beginning on April 24, 1471. Pope Paul II sent Cardinal Francesco Todeschini-Piccolomini of Siena to represent him. He arrived at Ratisbon on May 1, accompanied by Giovanni Antonio Campani, who provided a continual narrative of the conferences in his letters to Cardinal Ammannati-Piccolomini and others. The business of the Diet was complicated by the death of George Podebrady, King of Bohemia since February 27, 1458, on March 22, 1471. He had been excommunicated and deposed by Pope Paul II on December 23, 1466 as an unregenerate Hussite heretic. This set off the Bohemian War of 1468-1478, pitting the papalist Frederick III and King Matthias Corvinus of Hungary against the successor of King George, Vladislav II, the son of the King of Poland. Paul II treated the war as though it were a holy crusade. The nobles of the Empire, however, were far more interested in the sectarian Hussite struggle over Bohemia than the struggle against the Turks in the Balkans. Death of Pope Paul II (Barbo) Paul II died on Friday, July 26, 1471, around the second hour of the night. [Leti, Histoire des conclaves (p. 52) makes the date July 18th, and he is followed by Trollope, The Papal Conclaves, p. 156; Panvinio, "Vita Sixti IV", p. 346, however, makes it viii.kal.augusti, July 25; Petruccelli (I, 290) makes it the 28th—all four are wrong]. According to Sixtus IV, in his electoral manifesto [Baronius-Theiner 29, sub anno 1471, no.70, pp. 518-519], it was septimo kal. Augusti (July 26). The Florentine chronicler Matteo Palmieri [Liber de temporibus ed. Scaramella (Città di Castello 1906), p. 191] also provides the correct date, as does Angelo de Tummulullis (quoted below). On the next day, July 27, the Pope's body was carried to S. Peter's Basilica, where he was buried next to the tomb of his uncle, Eugenius IV [Cannesius, Vita Pauli II. Veneti (Roma 1740), with Cardinal Quirini's Vindiciae, p. 103] The Funeral Oration was preached by Francesco, the Ambassador of the King of Aragon [Cannesius, p. 103; Novaes, Introduzione, p. 254]. Panvinio (p. 331) says the Pope died of apoplexy. He had previously suffered two strokes, according to Michael Cannesius, before he even became pope ["Vita Pauli II", p. 102]: adlatus fuerat. In peragendis negotiis ante Pontificatum bis apoplexia laboravit; sed Nicolai V. Pontificatu gravius ipse Autumni tempore aegrotavit, prima noctis quiete oppressus, a qua tandem Laurentii Ronciglionensis opera et medicamentis sublevatus est. In ipso Pontificatu rursus in eandem incidit valetudinem mense Februario, dum Garzias Hispanus cubicularius ei legeret Computorum librum, qui ei ex Avenione a Quaestore The ravages of the earlier strokes can be seen in the drooping of his left eye and in the rictus on the left side of his lips in his portrait bust. He had also been ill in July of 1468, as a letter to him from Cardinal Ammannati indicates [Epistolae 259 (Pienza, July 9, 1468)]: intellexi Beatitudinem vestram proximis diebus languisse, et nunc recreatum esse beneficio Dei. Altero dolui, altero laetatus sum, quantum filio de patre dolendum fuit, atque laetandum. His death, at the age of 53, was quite unexpected. The day before, he had held a Consistory, which lasted from 12:00 to 18:00 hours, and he was seen to be in good health. He lunched around 22:00 hours, but around the first hour of the night he told one of his chamberlains that he did not feel well, and no audiences were given that evening. He was found dead by one of his chamberlains in the morning. The Milanese ambassador, Nicodemus de Pontremoli, wrote to Duke Galeazzo Sforza on August 2, 1471: Per altre mie havera inteso V. Cels. che la morte del papa fo in un subito in questo modo che essendo lui stato la matina in consistorio cioè el venerdi a vintisei del passato da le dodece hore fino a le deceocto de la megliore voglia del mondo, cenò a le vintidoe hore, mangiò tre poponi non molto grandi cossi alcune altre cose di trista substantia come si era assuefacto mangiare da alcuni mesi in qua. Poi ad una hora de nocte disse ad un M. Petro Franzoso suo cubiculario chel se sentiva tutto grave. Essao M. Petro gli recordò non deese audientia per quella sera, ma andasse un poco a posare. Giettosse in suso un letuzo dove gli pigliò grande ambascie e tale che essendo uscito esso M. Petro de la camera per licentiare la brigata et lassarlo dormire un poco, senti passate de poco le doe hore busare Iusso de la camera dove el papa se era a pena possuto condure et aprendo lusso trovò el papa presso de morto cum molta bava a la bocca et atacandossegli el papa al colo hebero a cadere ambe doi in modo se abandonò. Essendo li presso una cadrega M. Petro cum molta difficulta ce l' assectò suso et tornò al usso a domandare M. Doymo suo compagno. Quando tornarono dentro el papa havia posate le mane in suso li pomeli de nanti de la cadrega et appozato el capo al muro et vedendolo cum molta bava ala bocca volendolo aiutare el trovarono morto passate de poco le doe hore, adeo che dal principio del dolorse et morire no fo una hora. The notary Angelo de Tummulillis wrote (Notabilia temporum, pp.175-176): M.CCCC.LXXI. mense iulii die veneris .XXVI. eiusdem mensis .IIII. indictionis improvvise fama surressit quod celebris memorie dominus noster papa Paulus Secundus, dum ipso die hora .XXII. celebrasset concistorium in suo palatio Sancti Petri saluber et gaudens et superveniente sero cenasset et aliquantulum deambularet post cenam suum viridarium et lavaret manus in fonte viridarii, demum cepit in suis tibiis debilitari et tremari, adeo quod non sibi videbatur posse rectus existere, et cum iret in cameram ad repausandum se reclusit ab intus et hora quarta noctis superveniente gucta de lecto exiliit cadens in terram, et sic oppressus expiravit. cuius anima requiescat in pace. Set quidam refereunt quod occubuit veneno dudum sumpto et tali hora terminato, quia de sero hora .IIII. noctis ingressus fuit suam aulam cum aliqua sui corporis disturbatione, et non extimans dictam paxionem procedere ad peiora, se solum in camera reclusit et in lecto cubavit; unde superveniente articulo mortis de suo stratu exiliit et cadens in terram cum flusu sanguinis naris et oris expiravit; et sic post pusillum fuit repertus mortuus sui cruoris sanguine intricatus. A more sinister report is given by the contemporary, Paolo di Benedetto di Cola dello Mastro dello rione di Ponte [Archivio della r. società Romana di storia patria 16 (1893), p. 104; and see G. Marini, Degli archiatri pontifici I (Roma 1784), p. 170]: Recordo io Paulo che nelli 1471 a dii 26 de iuglio morì papa Paolo, e morì de una trista morte, la quale morte si fu che a tre hore de notte fu trovato morto, e molti dissero che fu strangolato da certi diavoli che teneva rinchiusi. Papabili The "friends of the Prince", Galeazzo Maria Sforza, Duke of Milan, were: Capranica, Calandrini, Gonzaga, Francesco della Rovere, and Guillaume d'Estouteville [Ammannati, Epistolae 395; cf. Petruccelli I, 292]. Cardinal Ammannati offered his support to d'Estouteville, Calandrini, and Capranica; and he was even willing to support Gonzaga if requested. In fact, on the last scrutiny, he voted for Bessarion, Calandrini, and d'Estouteville [Pastor IV, p. 506]. It appears that d'Estouteville was very eager to court the support of Galeazzo Maria for his own candidacy; his capitain, Paulus Gazzurus de Novara, wrote to the Duke, indicating that he would be made a king and his brother, Ascanio, would be made a cardinal—if d'Estouteville were to become pope [Pastor IV, p. 200 n., quoting an unpublished letter in the State Archives in Milan, dated from Rome on July 29, 1471] If this communication were in fact authorized by d'Estouteville, it could well be seen as something akin to simony. Cardinal Latino Orsini was, of course, the candidate of Naples, supported by King Ferdinand I (Ferrante). Since Orsini's niece was married to Lorenzo de' Medici it is not unlikely that he was being supported by Florence, but without a cardinal in the Sacred College, the value of that support would have been minimal. Since there was only one other Roman in the College (Capranica, who was aligned with Bessarion and d'Estouteville), there was no support for Orsini in that quarter. Reports of ambassadors of Mantua indicated, however, that if his candidacy failed (which it did), he would switch his support to Fortiguerra ("Theatinus") and Eroli ("Spoletanus") [Pastor, p. 200 n.]. In fact he did vote for Fortiguerra, though not for Eroli; he also voted for Roverella of Ravenna (whose cardinalate had come at the request of Ferdinand I, and who had been Legate in Naples) and for Francesco della Rovere. So much for the reliability of ambassadors' reports. It may also be noted that he did not vote for the Neapolitan Carafa, and Carafa did not vote for him. So much for the importance of political attachment. The Venetians were actively supporting Cardinal Bessarion, according to a report of August 2, 1471, from Gerardo Colli, the Milanese ambassador in Venice, to the Duke of Milan: et ano scripto ad Roma a tutj li lor cardinali amici vogliano far capo et ellegere Niceno grecho [Motta, Archivio 11 (1888), p. 254]. This was hardly a surprise, since Bessarion had been Legate of Nicholas V in 1449 to attempt to arrange a peace between Milan and Venice; he was also Legate of Pius II in Venice in 1463 for the purpose of preaching the crusade. He was a great benefactor of the Library of S. Marco, and in 1468 he had willed his library to Venice [Ciaconius-Olduin II, 907; Vast, Chapter IV, pp. 364-378; Rocholl, 185-193]. Francesco Filelfo in Milan was also supporting Bessarion [Franciscus Filelfus, Epistolarum familiarum Libri XXXVII, Liber 33, p. 232 (August 1, 1471)] In no sense, however, could it be said that Orsini and Bessarion were friends. Petruccelli [I, 293] quotes reports that he had read in the Archives of Milan, about a quarrel they had shortly after the death of Pope Paul II (July 29?). Cardinal d'Estouteville's chaplain had written (in Petruccelli's translation): Je demandai à Sa Seigneurie Révérendissime de Rohan si le cardinal Orsini faisait des pratiques pour lui ou bien pour un autre. Il répondit qu' Orsini traitait pour lui et que ce Mgr Orsini et Mgr Greco s' étaient mordus entre eux de paroles presque injurieuses. Mgr Greco lui dit, entre autres choses, que, si le collége des cardinaux eût agi à sa façon, en peu de temps, Rome serait restée déserte et que, quant à lui, il avait décidé qu on entrât en conclave et qu' on donnât sa voix, chacun selon la volonté de Dieu, et de ne plus souffrir que l' on fit l' élection cum les moyens que l' on pratiqua avec Paul II. A quoi Orsini répondit qu' on aurait fait ce qu' il aurait voulu, lui Orsini, de gré ou de force. Rome For once Rome was in a calm state. Ferdinand I of Naples had warned the Romans that they should not cause trouble, and his troops were present to ensure that his orders were obeyed. The Carafa family, including the Cardinal's brother, Carlo, Conte di Airola, were in evidence. Nonetheless, representatives of the City of Rome appeared before the Cardinals, demanding that benefices of the city of Rome should be given to Romans; that the taxes levied for the support of the University of Rome should be used for that purpose and not diverted by the popes to other purposes. Only after the Cardinals agreed, and a public announcement to the effect was made, did the Romans agree to lay down their arms. However, they would not actually do so until the Cardinals released from prison in the Castel S. Angelo some forty prisoners held on charges of debt and petty crimes, as well as two citizens of Ascoli who had been locked up there on orders of Paul II, and a baron who was accused of wanting to revive the heresy of the fraticelli. Also they insisted that the regular Canons (Congregatio Sancti Salvatoris Ordinis Sancti Augustini) who had been re-installed at the Lateran by Paul II should be ejected in favor of the traditional occupants, the secular Lateran canons [cf. Cannesius "Vita Pauli II," pp. 45-47; Petruccelli I, p. 291, from a dispatch by the Milanese ambassador; Pastor IV, p. 198, citing a dispatch by Johannes Blanchus de Cremona, of July 29, 1471. See also Caesar Rasponus, De Basilica et Patriarchio Lateranensi Libri Quattuor (Romae 1652) pp. 93-94; and G. Rouhault de Fleury, Le Latran au Moyen-age (Paris 1877), p. 251]. The Cardinals On the death of Pope Paul II, there were twenty-five living cardinals. A list of the eighteen Cardinals in attendance at the Conclave of 1471 is given by Conradus Eubel, Hierarchia catholica editio altera (Monasterii 1923), p. 15 n.9. A list of the seventeen cardinals who entered the Conclave at the opening on Tuesday, August 6, 1471, is given in the Acta Cameralia [Bourgin, 299]. One cardinal, Giacomo Ammannati-Piccolomini, who was ill, entered the next morning, Wednesday, August 7, at 11:00 hours [Acta Consistorialia, in Eubel II, p. 16 n.]. Stefano Infessura, Diaria rerum Romanorum [p. 74 ed. Tommasini] says: Die sexta Augusti, finito lo exequio, li cardinali si missero in conclave in Santo Pietro in loco usato, et forono deciotto.... He then gives the eighteen names, in no particular order. Another list of the eighteen participants can be derived from the tally sheet of the scrutiny [Pastor History of the Popes IV, Appendix, no. 43, pp. 505-506]. Onuphrio Panvinio, Epitome, pp. 132-133, states that there were twenty-eight cardinals, of whom eighteen attended the Conclave of 1471. He includes (as absent) Stephanus Varada, who was dead; Jacobus [Cardona] of Urgel, who had died in 1466; and an unnamed Bishop of Salzburg, who was Burcardus Weisbriach, who died in 1466. Ciaconius-Olduin (Vitae et res gestae pontificum III [1677], 2-3) provide a list of twenty-six cardinals who were alive at the time of the election of Sixtus IV [They list Stephanus Varada, who was certainly dead], and they mark with a star those eight who were absent, including the one who was deceased.. Of these eighteen participants all but three (Bessarion, Borgia, and d'Estouteville) were Italian [Pastor IV, p. 199], but only two of the fifteen were Romans. Six of the seven who did not attend were non-Italian, their distance from Rome and the schedule of the Sede Vacante being a major factor. Cardinals participating in the Sede Vacante: 1. [Giovanni] Bessarion (aged 68) [Greece, born in Trebizond (Trapezus)], Suburbicarian Bishop of Sabina (1468-1472). Cardinal of SS. XII Apostoli in commendam (1439-1449). He had been a cardinal for thirty-two years. Bishop of Nicaea in the Patriarchate of Constantinople. Protector of the Franciscans [Bullarium Romanum Turin edition 5, p. 206]. Apostolic Visitor of all the Basilian Houses in Italy. He had nearly been elected pope in the Conclave of 1455. At the Conclave of 1464 he is termed primus Cardinalium, and Bessarion Tusculanus Episcopus, primum in collegio locum habens (in the words of Cardinal Ammannati-Piccolomini). L. Pastor [IV, p. 5], says that "Bessarion was invested with the dignity of Dean...." At the visit of Frederick III in December of 1468, Bessarion took the leading role: Quum vero ad portam jam ventum esset, Cardinales omnes Caesari sumul se obviam dedere, eique gratulati sunt, verba faciente Bessarione Cardinale Nicaeno, qui Episcopus Cardinalis existens, inter alios antiquitate primum obtinebat locum. [Agostino Patrizi, Descriptio adventus Friderici III. Imperatoris, p. 207]. Panvinio (p 332) names him as Dean in 1471, which indeed he was. Shortly after the election of Sixtus IV, on December 22, 1471, he was appointed Legatus a latere to the King of France, the Duke of Burgundy and the King of England, and departed for France on April 20, 1472. He died at Ravenna during his return journey on November 18, 1472. [Eubel II, p. 37, no. 311; p. 38, no. 317, no. 325]. Cardinal Ammannati [Epistolae 534, p. 812] considered this legateship a "sell-out" and a diminution of Bessarion's reputation: antea magnus semper fuisset, nullus ex eo tempore fuit. See also Vespasiano da Bisticci, "Cardinale Niceno, Greco," Vite di uomini illustri del secolo XV (ed. A. Bartoli) I (Firenze 1859), pp. 148-149]. His Last Will and Testament, executed on February 17, 1464, with a codicil of April 10, 1467, is printed by Müntz, 299-304. "Nicaenus" On August 30, 1471, according to Pastor (IV, p. 210 n.), citing the Acta Consistorialia, Bessarion was promoted to be Cardinal Bishop of Porto. This is completely wrong. What the AC actually says is that Cardinal Filippo Calandrini was promoted Cardinal Bishop of Porto (from the See of Albano) on that day [Eubel II, p. 37 no. 307], and that Roderick Borgia was given the See of Albano. Bessarion was never Cardinal Bishop of Porto. Pastor is wrong. 2. Guillaume d'Estouteville, (aged 59) [Norman French], son of Jean II d'Estouteville, who was made prisoner at Agincourt in 1415, and held for some 20 years; he had two brothers, Louis and Robert, and two sons [Gallia christiana XI, 91]. He was consanguineus in the third grade of the King Charles VI of France. Suburbicarian Bishop of Ostia e Velletri (since October 21, 1461); formerly Bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina (1459-1461), and before that Cardinal Priest of SS. Silvestro e Martino (1437-1459). Archbishop of Rouen (14531483). In December, 1468, he and Cardinal Todeschini-Piccolomini were assigned by Paul II as his Legates to welcome Frederick III and to accompany the Emperor on his journey through Tuscany to Rome; they arrived on the evening of Christmas eve [Agostino Patrizi, Descriptio adventus Friderici III. Imperatoris, p. 206]. Panvinio (p. 332) says that he was Camerarius at the Conclave of 1471, but in fact there is no record of any Camerlengo between the death of Cardinal Ludovico Scarampi Trevisano in 1465 and the appointment of Latino Orsini after the Conclave of 1471. "Rotomagensis" "Cardinal de Rohan" [Gallia Christiana XI, columns 90-93] Cardinal d'Estouteville was Archpriest of the Liberian Basilica from 1445, and held the post until his death [Archivio della Società romana di storia patria 30 (1907) 161-166; nos. ccxvii, ccxxiii, ccxxxi, ccxxxiv, ccxxxvi, ccxliii, cclii]. The Chapter and Canons of the Basilica erected an inscription in the Sacristy testifying to his generosity [G. L' Eggs, Supplementum novum Purpurae Doctae (1729), p. 190; the inscription mentions he had been Cardinal Camerlengo (1477-1483)]. He was Magister Artium and licentiatus of Canon Law [Ammannati-Piccolomini, Commentarii Book II, p. 369: doctrina pontificii iuris...insignis; Denifle, Chartularium Universitatis parisiensis IV, xxi, citing mss. from the Vatican Archives]. D'Estouteville was not a Benedictine monk (despite the text of the late 19th century commemorative inscription in S. Agostino), and had not been Prior of S. Martini in Campis (only Administrator); the first person to mention such things is Ciaconius [H. Denifle, Chartularium Universitatis Parisiensis IV (Paris 1898) xxxxiv]. D'Estouteville was Protonotarius Apostolicus as early as 1433. In 1451 he was sent as Legatus a latere to France [Eubel II, p. 31; Chartularium Universitatis Parisiensis IV, no. 2675 (August 27, 1451); Baronius-Theiner 28, sub anno 1451, no. 7, pp. 556-557 (August 15, 1451)]. In 1452, he was engaged in the review of the case of Jeanne d'Arc. In the same year, he reformed the University of Paris [Chartularium Universitatis Parisiensis IV, no. 2690 (June 1, 1452); Mollier, pp. 20-25]. From June to August, 1452, he engaged in discussions with the Assembly of the French clergy about the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges [Valois, Histoire, clxxvii-clxxxiv, and no. 87, pp. 223-227; Mollier, pp. 25-29]. He returned to Rome on January 3, 1453 [Eubel II, p. 31 no. 154]. After the fall of Constantinople he was sent to King Charles VII to compose the differences among the Christian princes, setting out from Rome on May 16, 1454 [Eubel II, p. 31 no. 159], and returning on September 12, 1455. He was one of the six cardinals who accompanied Pius II on his trip to the conference at Mantua in 1459-1460 [Baronius-Theiner 29, sub anno 1459 no. 4, p. 180]. During the reign of Pius II he was the Protector of France in the Roman Curia. On September 24, 1466, Louis XI instructed d'Estouteville to use his good offices in favor of Ludovico Sforza, Duke of Milan [Lettres de Louis XI III (Paris 1887), no. 276, pp. 95-97 ed. Vaesen]. He was one of the Cardinals accompanying the Emperor Frederick III on his journey to Rome from Narnia in December of 1468 [Ammannati Epistolae 310 (December 22, 1468), to Cardinal Alain Coëtivy]. On June 13, 1470, in anticipation of his death, d'Estouteville gave instructions to the Chapter of his cathedral of Rouen that he was to be buried in the nave of the cathedral at a place commonly called the "Tomb of St. Moril", but if he died outside France his heart was to be brought back and similarly interred [Archives of Rouen, quoted by Mollier, p. 37]. In 1473, he was recommended by Sixtus IV to Louis XI as Abbot of S. Denis, but Louis XI rejected the request [Martene and Durand, Veterum Scriptorum et monumentorum amplissima collectio Tomus II (Paris 1724), 1473 and 1474]. [Salvador Miranda claims that d'Estouteville was Dean of the College of Cardinals in 1471, just as he does in the case of every Bishop of Ostia. He is wrong again. Estouteville only became Dean on the death of Bessarion in November, 1472] At the visit of Frederick III in December of 1468, Bessarion took the leading role: Quum vero ad portam jam ventum esset, Cardinales omnes Caesari sumul se obviam dedere, eique gratulati sunt, verba faciente Bessarione Cardinale Nicaeno, qui Episcopus Cardinalis existens, inter alios antiquitate primum obtinebat locum. [Agostino Patrizi, Descriptio adventus Friderici III. Imperatoris, p. 207]. D'Estouteville died on January 22, 1483 [Eubel II, p. 46], and was buried in the Church of S. Agostino in Rome, which he had built [G. L' Eggs, Supplementum novum Purpurae Doctae (1729), pp. 189-191; Forcella, Inscrizioni delle chiese e d' altri edificii di Roma 5 (Roma 1874), p. 18 no. 41 (the inscription on the façade); Barbier de Montault, p. 8]. On D'Estouteville's patronage of the arts in Rome, see Müntz, Arts, 39-42 and 285-297. 3. Latino Orsini (aged 54?) [Romanus], He was Cardinal Bishop of Frascati (14681477) He had formerly been Cardinal Priest of SS. Giovanni e Paolo (14481465). He began his career as Canon of the Vatican Basilica (1426). Archbishop of Conza (1438-1439), Archbishop of Trani (1439-1454), Archbishop of Bari (1454-1472). He participated, as Archbishop of Bari, in the Funeral of Eugenius IV in 1447, and in the Conclave that followed [G. Bourgin, "La «familia» pontificia sotto Eugenio IV," Archivio della Società romana di storia patria 27 (1904), 203-224, at 217]. After ten years as a Cardinal, he was named Archpriest of the Lateran Basilica, from March 9, 1458. He was sent as Apostolicae Sedis Legatus to Ferdinand I of Sicily on December 2, 1458 to settle the business of the succession, which had been botched by Calixtus III [Baronius-Raynaldus 10, 168-178]. On February 9, 1459, he crowned King Ferrante I [Muratori, Rerum Italicarum Scriptores 23, 232]. Legate in the Marches of Ancona in 1465 [R. Foglietti, Le Constitutiones Marchiae Anconitanae (Macerata 1881), pp. 1920]. In December, 1468, Cardinal Latino's niece, Clarice, daughter of Giacomo Orsini of Monterotondo and Bracciano, and sister of the Subdeacon Raynaldus (future Archbishop of Florence, 1474-1508), was betrothed to Lorenzo de' Medici, the son of Piero [Ammannati, Epistolae 310]; the marriage was finalized on June 4, 1469. On December 13, 1469 Cardinal Latino was elected Chamberlain of the Sacred College in the place of the recently deceased Johannes Carvajal, suburbicarian Bishop of Porto; he served until January 19, 1471 [Eubel II, p. 36 no. 293, and p. 37, no. 300]. He was named S. R. E. Camerarius by Sixtus IV, shortly after his election, and on December 22, 1471 was named Legate to Naples and the East (per mare) [Eubel II, p. 37 no. 311]. He left Rome in May of 1472 and returned in January of 1473. Abbot of Farfa (1476). Doctor utriusque iuris. He died on August 11, 1477. He was the builder of the Church of S. Salvatore in Lauro, just to the north of Monte Giordano, the Orsini headquarters in Rome. His funeral oration was given in that church by Giovanni Gatti, Bishop of Catania (1475-1478) [V. Forcella, Catalogo dei manoscritti relativi alla storia di Roma I (Roma 1879), p. 60, no. 201]. He should not be confused with the thirteenth-century Cardinal Latino Orsini, who was buried at the Minerva. 4. Philippus Lucanus de Sarzana (Filippo Calandrini) (aged 67), "fratello uterino di Niccolò V" [Cardella III, 115; Baronius-Theiner 29, sub anno 1455, no. 16, p. 26]. Cardinal Bishop of Albano (1468-1471). Previously he had been Cardinal Priest of S. Lorenzo in Lucina (1451-1468), and Cardinal Priest of S. Susanna (1448-1451). Bishop of Bologna (1447-1476). He is called iuris Canonici consultissimus by Gaspar of Verona [Muratori RIS III. 2, column 1036]. He died on July 22, 1476 [Eubel II, p. 39 no. 353]. 5. Angelus Capranica (aged 56 ?) [Romanus], Cardinal Priest in the title of S. Croce in Gerusalemme. Studied canon law at Bologna under Giovanni Niccoletti of Imola. Bishop of Rieti (1450-1468), earlier Bishop of Ascoli (1447-1450), and before that Archbishop of Siponto (1438-1447). He had been sent to Naples in the spring of 1464 to persuade King Alfonso to join the league against the Turks. He was named Legate in Bologna in October, 1458, in succession to his brother, Cardinal Domenico Capranica of S. Croce in Ierusalem (died 1458). Cardinal Angelo was reappointed to the Legateship in Bologna by Paul II, and served from October 1, 1464 [Eubel II, p. 34 no. 253] until 1467 [Muratori, Rerum Italicarum Scriptores III. 2, p. 1029-1030]. At the conclusion of the Emperor Fredrick III's visit to Rome (December 25,1468—January 9, 1469), Cardinal Borgia and Cardinal Capranica accompanied the Emperor on his return north as far as Viterbo [Agostino Patrizi, Descriptio adventus Friderici III. Imperatoris, p. 216]. In December of 1471, he was appointed by Sixtus IV to preach the crusade in the Exarchate of Ravenna and the Province of Romandiola [Olduin, Athenaeum Romanum p. 64], in which he achieved nothing. In December of 1472 he was promoted Bishop of Palestrina, though he kept S. Croce in commendam. He died on July 3, 1478, and was buried in S. Maria sopra Minerva. [Eggs, Supplementum novum Purpurae Doctae (1729), 201203]. "Reatinus" 6. Bernardo Eroli [Narnia], Cardinal Priest in the title of S. Sabina (1460-1474), Bishop of Spoleto (1448-1474). He was promoted Suburbicarian Bishop of Sabina on May 23, 1474. He had been Papal Referendary and 'domesticus Pii 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. familiaris'. Vice-Protector of the Franciscans [Wadding, Annales Minorum XIII, 346]. He was present at the Conclave of 1464, according to Cardinal Ammannati, Commentarii II (p. 370). He died on April 2, 1479 [Eubel II, p. 42 no. 403] He was referred to as "Spoletanus" [Eggs, Supplementum novum Purpurae Doctae (1729), 203-205]. Niccolò Fortiguerra (aged 51) [Pistorio], Cardinal Priest in the title of S. Cecilia, Bishop of Teano (1458-1473). 'iuris scientia clarus, ex aula Pontificis assumptus'. Legate in the March of Ancona in 1464, against Sigismondo Malatesta [Tuccia, sub anno 1464]. Doctor in utroque iure (Siena). Appointed by Paul II to lead the war against Eversus of Anguillara and his sons [Cannesius, "Vita Pauli II"]. He was reported as ill on November 10, 1473. He died in Viterbo on December 21, 1473; his body was brought to Rome and placed in S. Cecilia on December 24, and was buried on December 30 [Eubel II, p. 38-39 no. 333; p. 39 no. 340]. Eggs, Supplementum novum Purpurae Doctae (1729), 205209. "Theatinus " Bartholomaeus Roverella (aged 65), Cardinal Priest in the title of S. Clemente (1461-1476). Archbishop of Ravenna (1445-1475), previously Bishop of Adria (1444-1445), and earlier secretary of Eugenius IV [Ughelli-Colet II, 391]. He had been Legate in Britain and in Sicily. He was created Cardinal in 1461, at the request of King Ferdinand I of Naples [Cannesius, "Vita Pauli II", p. 87]. He had been serving as Apostolic Legate in the Kingdom of Naples at the time of Pius' death. He had returned to Rome from Naples and participated in the Conclave of 1464 with the other cardinals [Eubel II, p. 34]. On January 8, 1470, he was created Apostolic Legate in Perugia, and on January 26, 1470, he departed Rome [Eubel II, p. 37 no. 294 and 295]. He accompanied Borso d'Este to Rome in March-April, 1471. He arrived in Rome for the Conclave on August 1, 1471 [Pastor IV, p. 199 n., from the Acta Consistorialia]. He died in Rome on May 2, 1476, and was succeeded as Archbishop by his nephew Filiasius Roverella. Vespasiano da Bisticci, "Cardinale di Ravenna," Vite di uomini illustri del secolo XV (ed. A. Bartoli) I (Firenze 1859), pp. 149-152. Jacobus (Giacomo, Jacopo) Ammannati-Piccolomini (aged 49) [Villabasilica, near Pescia, in the Diocese of Lucca], Cardinal Priest in the title of S. Crisogono. Bishop of Pavia (1460-1479). On January 28, 1464, he was elected Chamberlain of the Sacred College of Cardinals and received the seals from his predecessor, Cardinal Nicholas of Cusa [Eubel II, p. 34;]. He spend his time in Pienza from the Fall of 1467 to at least August 18, 1468 [Ammannati Epistolae 232-233; 305], and therefore was not in Rome during the Scandal of the Roman Academy.. He died on September 10, 1479 [Eubel II, p. 42 no. 412; p. 61]. "Papiensis" Oliviero Carafa (aged 41) [Neapolitanus], son of Francesco Carafa, grandson of Carlo "Malizio" Carafa, nephew of Diomedes, first Count of Maddaloni (d. 1487); his mother was Maria Origlia, daughter of Giovan Luigi, Signore di Vico Pontano, and Anna Sanseverino. Cardinal Priest of S. Eusebio (1470-1476), previously Cardinal Priest of SS. Marcellino e Pietro (1467-1470). [December 3, 1467 Eubel II, p. 35, no. 276]. Archbishop of Naples (1458-1484). He died on January 20, 1511, at the age of eighty. His family was intensely loyal to the Aragonese dynasty of Naples. In 1472, Sixtus IV placed him in charge of the naval expedition against the Turks [Wadding, Annales Minorum 14, p. 1; A.Guglielmotti, Storia della marina pontificia II (Firenze 1871), pp. 359391]. "Neapolitanus" Amicus Agnifilus (aged 73?), Cardinal Priest of S. Maria in Trastevere (October 13, 1469-1476), previously Cardinal Priest of S. Balbina (1467-1469) [October 22 and November 13, 1467: Eubel II, p. 35, no. 274] Died November 9, 1476. Bishop of L' Aquila (1431-1472 and 1476). "Aquilanus" Marco Barbo (aged 64) [Venetus], Cardinal Priest of S. Marco (14671478). Patriarch of Aquileia (1465-1491). Bishop of Vicenza (1464-1491). Bishop of Treviso (1455-1470). Legate in Germany, Poland, Bohemia, etc. (1472-1474); he left Rome on February 21, 1472, returning on October 26, 1474 [Eubel II, p. 38 no. 314; p. 39 no. 345]. He died in 1491. "San Marco" "Aquilegiensis" Nephew of Paul II. Francesco della Rovere, OFM (aged 57) [Albizzola, diocese of Savona]. His father's name was Leonardo, his mother's Luchina Cellis (or Menleone, or Muglione), though the origins of the family are obscure in the extreme. Cardinal Priest of S. Pietro in Vincoli (1467-1471). Minister General of the Franciscans (1464-1469), before which he had been Vicar General [Wadding, Annales Minorum 13, 344-345, ix-xi; 427, xiii]. Though appointed a cardinal in 1467, he was allowed by Pope Paul to continue holding the Generalship until the next General Chapter of the Minorites [Wadding Annales Minorum 13, 435]. Master of Theology and Philosophy (Pavia) [Onuphrio Panvinio, "Vita Sixti IV" in Platina, de vitis pontificum (1568), 345]. Cardinal Bessarion had heard him lecture at Pavia, and became one of his patrons ["Conclave Sixti Quarti", quoted in Creighton, History of the Papacy III, p. 57 n.2] Lecturer at Pavia for more than twenty years [Bernardo Giustinian]. One of his conclavists in 1471 was his nephew, Pietro Riario [Stefano Infessura, Diaria rerum Romanarum, sub anno 1471, p. 74 ed. Tommasini; Creighton, History of the Papacy III, p. 58] 14. Joannes Baptista Zeno (aged 32) [Venetus], Cardinal Priest of S. Anastasia (1470-1479). Cardinal Deacon of S. Maria in Porticu (14681470). (died 1501). Bishop of Vicenza (1470-1501). Nephew of Paul II. "S. Maria in Porticu" 15. Rodericus Lanzol-Borja y Borja [Jativa, diocese of Valencia, Spain–Rome] (aged 40), son of Don Jofré de Borja and Isabel de Borja, sister of Calixtus III. Cardinal Deacon of S. Nicola in Carcere Tulliano (died 1503). Vicechancellor S.R.E. (1457-1492) Nephew of Calixtus III, who gave him inter alia the Deanship of Cartagena, the monastery of Clairvaux in commendam, the office of Praepositus of Mainz, certain rights in Compostella and Cuenca and Seville, the monastery of S. Angelo in Massa in commendam, and of Fossanova in commendam [Pastor II, pp. 555-556]. Legate in the Marches January–November 26, 1457 [Eubel II, p. 34]. Named Protector of the Friars Minor, along with Cardinal Capranica, by Calixtus III in May, 1458, during the General Chapter of the Franciscan Order, held at the Aracoeli. Calixtus and Cardinal Rodrigo fixed the election so that Jacobus de Sarzena, the Minister of the Province of Aragon, was elected Minister General [Wadding, Annales Minorum XIII, p. 58]. At the conclusion of the Emperor Fredrick III's visit to Rome in 1468, Cardinal Borgia and Cardinal Capranica accompanied the Emperor on his return north as far as Viterbo [Agostino Patrizi, Descriptio adventus Friderici III. Imperatoris, p. 216]. Cardinal Borgia had not yet been ordained a priest. The move was forced on him after the Conclave, when he was granted the Bishopric of Albano in the Consistory of August 30, 1471 [Eubel II, p. 37, no. 307]. He succeeded Cardinal Calandrini, who, in the same Consistory, had been promoted to the See of Porto (which had been vacant since the death of Cardinal Richard de Longueil on August 19, 1470 [Eubel II, p. 37 no. 307). On May 15,1472, he was sent as Apostolic Legate to Spain to preach the crusade. He presided at the Concilium Matritense in 1473 [J.-D. Mansi, Sacrorum conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio 32, p. 381]. During his return, on October 10, 1473, his ships laden with his praeda and 30,000 gold coins were struck by a storm, and all was lost; three bishops also died, along with 75 members of his retinue, twelve lawyers, and six knights [Ammannati, Epistolae 534, who heard the full story from Borja himself, just after the disaster]. He returned to Rome on October 24, 1473 [Eubel II, p. 38, no. 318, no. 330]. "Valentinianus". 16. Francesco Gonzaga (aged 27) [Mantua], Marchese d' Ostiano and Prince of the Holy Roman Empire, was the third surviving son of Ludovico II "Il Turco", Marchese of Mantua and Lieutenant-General of the Duke of Milan; and Barbara, daughter of John VII, Margrave of Brandenburg in Bayreuth and Kulmbach. Patrician of Venice. Born March 15, 1444. His career began under Nicholas V in February 1454, when (at the age of ten) he was named Protonotary Apostolic. He studied canon law at Pavia from 1460 until the spring of 1462. He was named Cardinal by Pius II on December 18, 1461, at the request of Albrecht of Brandenburg. In March, 1462, he went to Rome with his brother Gianfrancesco and his uncle Alessandro. He made his formal entry to the City on March 23, was received by the Pope on March 24, and had his mouth closed and opened on April 2 [Eubel II, 33]. He was appointed Cardinal Deacon of S. Maria Nuova (1462-1483). He returned to Mantua, departing from Rome on November 14, 1463. He was made Bishop of Brixen two days before the death of Pius II (1464-1466). His onetime secretary was Bartolomeo Platina, whom Gonzaga delated to Paul II as an heretic and conspirator against the Pope's life (1468). Gonzaga was subsequently promoted Bishop of Mantua (1466-1483), though he was still far below the canonical minimum age to assume the Seat, and in fact was never consecrated (His title, therefore, was Administrator); the spiritual affairs of the diocese were handled by his suffragan, Luigi Rossato, OP (Ludovicus de Aldegatis) [Ughelli-Colet I, 870]. Appointed Legate in Bologna, the Romagna and Ravenna on February 18, 1471; he departed on July 5 [Eubel II, p. 37 no. 301 and 304]. He arrived in Rome for the Conclave of 1471 on August 4, 1471 [Pastor IV, p. 199 n., from the Acta Consistorialia]. He became Bishop of Bologna (1476-1483) in succession to Cardinal Calandrini [F. Cardinalis Mantuanus Iacobo Cardinali Papiensi (Narnia, July 27, 1476), in Ammannati Epistolae 647], though, again, he was not consecrated. Ego Bononiensis ecclesiae administrationem habeo. He administered the diocese through his suffragan bishop, Antonius Monaldi Saffinatis (i.e. Sarsinatis), Bishop of Sarsina [Carolus Sagonius, De episcopis Bononiensibus (Bononiae 1586), pp. 204-206; Serie cronologica de vescovi ed arcivescovi di Bologna (Bologna: Longhi 1787), p. 73; Eubel II, p. 231]. Francesco Gonzaga died in Bologna on October 21, 1483, at the age of 39. He was buried in Mantua. His Testament in Müntz, Arts, pp. 297-300] 17. Theodorus Paleologo de Monteferrato (aged 45), son of Giangiacopo, Marchese di Monferatto. Created Cardinal Deacon of S. Teodoro , on April 21 and 27, 1468 [Eubel II, p. 36, no. 279], at the request of his relative the King of Cyprus. Neither Ciaconius nor Cardella report that he ever did anything. (died January 21, 1484) 18. Joannes de Michaelis (Michiel) (aged 25) [Venetus], Cardinal Deacon of S. Angelo in Pescheria (1470-1484), previously Cardinal Deacon of S. Lucia in Septisolio (Saepta Solis) (1468-1470). Bishop of Verona (March 18, 1471– 1503). In 1466 he had been sent to Lombardy to negotiate the renewal of the treaty with Venice and Milan, made necessary by the death of Francesco Sforza on March 8, 1466 [Matteo Palmieri, Liber de temporibus ed. Scaramella (Città di Castello 1906), pp. 184-185] Died April 10, 1503. "Veronensis" Nephew of Paul II. Cardinals not attending: 1. Alain de Taillebourg de Coëtivy (aged 63) [Breton], Cardinal Priest of S. Prassede . Bishop of Avignon (1437-1474). Apostolic Administrator of Nîmes. Brother of the Admiral Prégent de Coëtivy. One of the French representatives at the Council of Ferrara [C. de la Roncière, "La Pragmatique Sanction de 1438 et Alain de Coëtivy," Correspondence historique et archèologique 2 (1895) 45-51]. He was sent to France as Apostolic Legate, departing Rome on September 17, 1455 [Bourgin, 292 no. 29], but he had returned from his mission as Legate in France on May 6, 1458 [Eubel II, p. 34; Bourgin, 292]. He died in his house on the Campo dei Fiori in Rome on May 3, 1474, and was removed to S. Prassede on May 4 and buried on May 7 [Eubel II, p. 39 no. 343]. 2. Jean Rolin (aged 60), son of Nicolaus Rolin, Chancellor of the Duke of Burgundy (and founder of the Hospices de Beaune), and Johanna de la Landes. Doctor in utroque iure. Confessor of the Dauphin Louis, later King Louis XI. In 1443 he was named Cardinal on the petition of Philip, Duke of Burgundy. Cardinal Priest of S. Stefano al Monte Celio, from December 20, 1448 (died 1483). Bishop of Autun (1436-1483). "Aeduensis" "Augustodunensis" [Gallia Christiana 4, columns 419421]. 3. Ludovicus Joannes Mila [Valencia, Spain] (aged 35), son of Juan de Mila of Jativa and Catalina de Borja, sister of Calixtus III. Cardinal Priest of SS. Quattro Coronati (died 1510). Bishop of Segovia (1453-1459). "Segobricensis". Sent as Legate to Bologna; he left Rome on January 7, 1457 [Eubel II, p. 34]. He was made Bishop of Lerida (Ilerdensis) on October 7, 1459 [Eubel II, p. 167], a post he held until his death. Sent as Commissioner to compose differences between Barcelona and King John of Aragon In 1464, he was again being sent on a legation to Spain; on April 5, 1464, he left Rome for Florence, from which he intended to proceed to Catalonia [Eubel II, p. 33; Baronius-Theiner 29, sub anno 1464 no. 32]. He took possession of the Diocese of Ilerda on July 20, 1464. He returned to Rome, however, on February 10, 1467 [Eubel II, p. 35, no. 271]. On May 13, 1468, he and several other cardinals had leave the City due to pestis and aeris intemperiem, on the understanding that they return by October 1; Ludovico Mila did not do so, and therefore on October 15, his income from the treasury of the Sacred College was cut off [Eubel II, p. 36, nos. 280 and 286]. He subsequently returned to Spain permanently, and died at Belgida, Spain, in 1510, and was buried in the Dominican convent of Santa Ana in the village of Albaida [Espana Sacrada Tomo 47, 84-87]. "Segobricensis" 4. Francesco Todeschini-Piccolomini (aged 32) [Senensis], son of Nanni Todeschini, the richest man in Siena, and Laodamia Piccolomini, sister of Pius II; he was adopted by Pius. He had been raised, in fact, by Pius, and had been with him in Germany for years from his childhood; he spoke the German language, and was known to most of the important Germans of the time [Baronius-Theiner 29, sub anno 1471, no. 4, p. 499]. Cardinal Deacon of S. Eustachio. He was Administrator (being below the canonical age), and then Bishop of Siena (14601503). Protector of the Camaldolese. He had been Rector of the Marches of Ancona from 1460-1463. He was Vicar of Rome, when Pius went on Crusade in 1464. In December, 1468, he and Cardinal d'Estouteville were assigned by Paul II as his Legates to welcome Frederick III and to accompany the Emperor on his journey through Tuscany to Rome; they arrived on the evening of Christmas eve [Agostino Patrizi, Descriptio adventus Friderici III. Imperatoris, p. 206]. He died, as Pius III, on October 18, 1503. Doctor of Canon Law (Perugia). On February 18, 1471, he had been created Apostolic Legate to Germany; he departed from Rome on March 18 [Eubel II, p. 37 no. 301 and 302; BaroniusTheiner 29 sub anno 1471, no. 4, p. 499]. On June 26, Paul II acknowledged letters from Todeschini from the Diet at Ratisbon, where he was preaching the Crusade, and he writes again on July 13 [L. Pastor, History 4, pp. 501-503]. He returned to Rome on December 27, 1471 [Eubel II, p. 37, no. 312]. His associate in the German Legation was Johannes Antonius Campani, Bishop of Interamna (1463-1472), who was a friend and correspondent of both Cardinal Bessarion and Cardinal Giacomo Ammannati-Piccolomini, and was also author of the Life of Pius II [J. B. Mencken (ed.), Jo. Antonii Campani Epistolae et Poemata, una cum vita auctoris (Leipzig 1707)]. 5. Joannes Gaufridi (Godefridus; Jean Jouffroy, or Geoffroy) OSB (aged 61) [Luxeuil, Franche Comte], son of Perrin, the son of Huguenin seigneur de Belne; and Jeanne, daughter of Chevalier Jean de Savigny. Cardinal Priest of SS. Silvestro e Martino ai Monti. He studied at the University of Dôle, and was Doctor of Canon Law of the University of Pavia, and professor there for three years (1435-1438). He was invited to take part in the Council of Florence. In 1448 he was on an embassy to Nicholas V, and in 1449 on a mission to the kings of Castile and Portugal. Abbot of S. Pierre de Luxeuil (1449). Bishop of Arras (1453-1462), Bishop of Albi (1462-1473). Ambassador of Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, to Pius II, in whose presence he gave an important speech (August 1459) [Mathieu d'Escouchy Chronique ch. CXLIX, Tome II, p. 390-391 ed. du Fresne]. Nuncio of Pius II to Louis XI, with the mission of obtaining the repeal of the Pragmatic Sanction. He attended the Coronation of Louis XI at Reims on August 15, 1461, and became a royal advisor. In November, 1461, the Pragmatic Sanction was revoked—or so it was made to seem. Jouffroy was made a cardinal on the demand of Louis XI; his appointment was opposed by Cardinal Alain de Coëtivy because of his character. He arrived in Rome on March 13, 1462, and spoke on behalf of Louis XI. As Pius II put it in his Commentarii Book VII (p. 187), Cardinal Jouffroy spoke in Consistory in March, 1462, aperta mendacia pro veris affirmans ('claiming that bald-faced lies were the truth'). He returned to France on October 23, 1463 [Eubel, p. 33, no. 218 and no. 231]. Jouffroy was again in Rome on October 3, 1466, as ambassador from King Louis XI to Pope Paul II [Eubel II, p. 35, no. 269], and he returned to France pro suis negotiis particularibus on October 1, 1468 [Eubel II, p. 36, no. 284]. Cardinal Ammannati strongly disapproved of the notion of a cardinal becoming an ambassador for anybody else than the Pope, and he was very critical of Jouffroy's character [Ammannati, Epistolae 394, p. 730]. His Last Will and Testament was drawn up on November 14, 1473 [Eduard Martène and Ursin Durand, Thesaurus novus anecdotorum Tomus I (Paris 1717), columns 1841-1843; Fierville, pp. 12-14]. Jouffroy died in France in 1473, possibly on November 24 [cf. Eubel II, p. 39, no. 339 (news of his death reached the Apostolic Chamber on December 7, 1473)]. "Atrebatensis" "Albiensis" 6. Thomas Bourchier (aged 67) [England], third son of Guillaume Bourchier, Comte d' Eu; and Anne, daughter of Thomas of Woodstock, sixth son of Edward III. His elder brother Henry was Earl of Essex. His sister Eleanor was married to John Mowbray, third Duke of Norfolk. Cardinal Priest of S. Ciriaco alle Terme Diocleziane (1468-1486) [May 13, 1468: Eubel II, p. 36, no. 281]. He was promoted Cardinal at the request of King Edward IV, whom he had crowned (June 28, 1461). Archbishop of Canterbury (1454-1486) [Brady, Episcopal Succession in England I, p. 3]. Bishop of Ely (1443-1454). Bishop of Worcester (1433-1443). He was consecrated at Blackfriars, London, by Henry Beaufort of Winchester, John Kemp of York, Robert Nevill of Salisbury and John Lowe (Lobbe) of St. Asaph, on May 15, 1435 [Stubbs, Registrum sacrum anglicanum, p. 8]. Chancellor of the University of Oxford (1433-1436) [Le Neve, Fasti ecclesiae Anglicanae III, p. 467; Dictionary of National Biography reissue Vol. 2 (1908), 923; original edition Volume 6 (1886) ]. M.A. Oxon. Doctor in utroque iure He died on March 30, 1486 [Eubel II, p. 48 no. 519; Le Neve, I, p. 23, who quotes his epitaph with the date of his death in n. 4]. In 1471, the Archbishop was deeply involved in the removal of Henry VI (again), and the return to the throne of Edward IV; he raised troops for Edward and negotiated for the loyalty of the Duke of Clarence. 7. Jean Balue (aged ?), Cardinal Priest of S. Susanna (1467-1483). Bishop of Angers (1467-1491), and before that Bishop of Evereux (1465-1467). In legibus licentiati, prothonotarii apostolici, de prebenda ecclesiae Carnotensis [Bull of Pius II, May 1, 1462; see Forgeot, xxvii]; his degree was perhaps from Angers, ca. 1457 [Forgeot, p. 4]. In 1470 and into 1471 he was under arrest in France, under charges laid by King Louis XI [Baronius-Theiner, sub anno 1471, no. 54-55, p. 512-513]. An apology for the behavior of the King of France, presented to the Pope and College of Cardinals, is printed in Luca d'Achery, Veterum aliquot scriptorum spicilegium IX (Paris 1669), pp. 329-337. He was still in prison when Cardinal Bessarion was Legate in France in the Fall of 1472 [Pastor, History of the Popes IV, p. 221], and remained there a total of eleven years. From 14831485 he was Legate in France. From 1485, he was ambassador of Charles VIII in Rome and Protector of France [Eubel II, p. 48 no. 511]. News of his death on Wednesday, October 5, 1491, reached the Apostolic Camera on October 7, 1491 [Eubel II, p. 49 no. 537]. "Andegavensis". [G. L' Eggs, Supplementum novum Purpurae Doctae (1729) pp. 223-228]. Conclave: Electoral Capitulations The observation of the Novendiales began on July 28, 1471 and concluded on Monday, August 5, 1471. The Conclave opened the next day, Tuesday, August 6, with the Mass of the Holy Spirit, sung by Cardinal Bessarion [Ciaconius-Olduin III (Romae 1687), p. 1], and the preaching of the oration, de pontifice eligendo. Seventeen cardinals entered conclave in the Vatican Palace on August 6, and they were joined the next day, Wednesday, August 7, by Cardinal Ammannati, who had been ill on the previous day [Eubel II, p. 15 n. 9]. There appear to have been Electoral Capitulations, though we have only hints of their existence [Pastor IV, p. 204 and n.; Gregorovius VII. 1, p. 247]. Cardinal Ammannati, for example, says, in a letter of October 20, 1473, about Cardinal Bessarion: adiutor etiam fuit, ut iuramenta violarentur, et vota die electionis suae [Sixti IV] Deo oblata. Ut crearentur quoque indigni Cardinales magna bonorum maestitia, et gravi omnium de nobis querela. "He helped Sixtus so that the oaths were violated, and offered him his votes on the day of his election; and also that he create unworthy cardinals with great sadness on the part of good men, and with a solemn protest on the part of all of us." Vespasiano da Bisticci also alludes to Electoral Capitulations in his "Cardinale Niceno": The nephews of Paul II (Barbo and Zeno) were arguing, in the presence of Sixtus IV and Cardinal Bessarion, over the treasures Paul had amassed in the Castel S. Angelo. Intervenne uno di che andando il papa in Castello a vedere le gioie di papa Pagolo, dua cardinali viniziani, nipoti di papa Pagolo, ch' erano intervenuti a eleggerlo papa con certe condizioni, inginocchiaronsi a' piedi del papa, a domandargli la dota per certe loro fiocce, ch' era istata loro promessa. Sixtus IV had been elected under certain conditions. Vespasiano also says, in his "Cardinale di Ravenna" (p. 150 Bartoli), that Bartolomeo Roverella, the Cardinal of Ravenna, refused to make any promises with regard to Electoral Capitulations, which doomed his chances for the papacy: Ravenna ebbe più voci che altri cardinali che vi fussino e poichi gli arebbono potuto torre il pontificato; ma alcuni cardinali gli feciono dire, s' egli prometteva fare certe cose che domandavano. Ma il cardinale, come uomo che non voleva se non le cose giuste e oneste, e che promettendo cosa alcuna per venire a quella degnità era espressa simonia, la sua risposta fu, che non piacesse a Dio ch' egli volesse promettere cosa alcuna per venire a quella degnità; e s' egli fusse che gli paresse di farlo, lo farebbe; e se non gli paresse, non lo farebbe. Veduto questi del Collegio ch' egli istava fermo a non volere promettere nulla, distolsono le voci loro. The specific evidence, then, seems to suggest that (some) capitulations revolve around the status of cardinals: how many of his relatives a pope could create; suitability of candidates; consent of existing cardinals for the creation of new cardinals. Giuliano della Rovere was only seventeen, and Piero Riario, OFM, was a notorious twenty-six year old sybarite. Both were objected to by a majority (or all, according to Cardinal Ammannati) of the Cardinals. But these were matters that had been included in Electoral Capitulations for more than a century. The Cardinals very likely spent Wednesday, August 7, in dusting off and renegotiating their capitulations, basing their work, no doubt, on the capitulations from the previous Conclave, only seven years in the past, which had been worked on by no less than ten of the cardinals present. There had, after all, been a major scandal immediately after the election of Paul II, when he rewrote the Capitulations to suit himself and forced the cardinals to sign his text without reading it. Cardinal Bessarion had been particularly hardly used by Paul II. Scrutinies It would seem (though there is no positive evidence) that August 7 was spent in working on Electoral Capitulations. In mid-morning Cardinal Ammannati joined the Conclave. It appears that there was more than one scrutiny. Vespasiano da Bisticci says, in his "Cardinale di Ravenna" (p. 150 Bartoli): Venendo papa Pagolo a morte, vennono alla elezione; ed era venuto Ravenna in tanta riputazione, che innanzi che s' entrasse in conclave, ognuno gli dava il pontificato. Entrato in concave, e venendo al primo isquittino.... Ciaconius-Olduin [Vitae et Res Gestae Pontificum Romanorum et S. R. E. Cardinalium III (Romae 1687), p. 1] speaks of a scrutiny held on August 8. The report is obviously based on a conclave narrative, but how well the narrative was understood is a question. Ciaconius-Olduin reports only four lines earlier that Cardinal Ammannati arrived late at the Conclave, die Mercurii 4 Idus Augusti—which would have been August 10, the day after the Conclave ended (The 4th was a Sunday, Tuesday was the 6th, Ammannati entered on the 7th). Sexto Idus Augusti primo scrutinio, nemo Papa fuit; hisce Comitiis in Conclavi inter reliquos Patres praecipue candidati erant Bessario Graecus, Rothomagensis [d'Estouteville], Ursinus, et Papiensis [Ammannati]. Tribus porro posterioribus a Vicecancellario [Borgia] et Mantuano Cardinalibus, aliisque qui in colloquio magnae auctoritatis erant, Patribus exclusis, res ad Bessarionem tum Senatus Principem, senem, doctrina et vitae integritate clarissimum spectare videbatur, quem Ursinus, obtinendi Pontificatus spe deposita, Mantuanus et Cancellarius convenientes, certis sub conditionibus, pontificatum ei daturos polliciti sunt: cumque ille se ea ratione pontificem creari velle, pernegasset, ut scilicet pacto aliquo interveniente Papatum obtineret, illi intempestivam eius severitatem stomachari, ad Cardinalem S. Petri ad Vincila, Magistrum Franciscum Savonensem, sunt conversi, vita, doctrinaque praestantissimum a quo quum omnia quae postularunt obtinuissent, cum cubiculario ipsius fratre Petro Riario maxime ne Cardinalium rogatis obsisteret, incitante: ipsi Pontificatum demandare promittunt. In the scrutiny no one obtained the twelve votes needed to elect. The recipients of votes were Bessarion, d'Estouteville, Orsini and Ammannati, but Bessarion was far ahead of the other three. This version seems somewhat inconsistent with what happened on the next day, especially as far as the strength of Roverella and Calandrini is concerned—who had seven votes each. According to the notary Angelo de Tummulillis (Notabilia temporum, p.177), however, Cardinal Bessarion was extremely disconcerted at his competition [Ravenna (Roverella), Bologna (Calandrini) and S. Francisci (Rovere)], and began to complain against them: set quia dominus cardinalis Grecus egreferens cepit murmurare contra illos habentes plures voces; cui fuit per alios sibi improperatum et obiectum quod taceret et nollet interrumpere propositum et electionem aliorum, quod adhuc dubitabatur si ipse tamquam grecus esset verus et cactholicus christicola. quibus verbis erubescens obmutuit patienter, set hii tres qui videbantur equales voces a ceteris, dixcutientes intra seipsos de sinceritate spiritus et integritate vite ipsorum, sponte et pariter voces suas reflexerunt in dictum dominum cardinalem Sancti Francisci vocatum primo nomine Franciscum et de ordine minorum fratrum sancti Francisci.... His imprudent remarks about the qualifications of his competitors apparently brought renewed reflections on his own qualifications, including the old suspicions as to his orthodoxy, since he was a Greek. But since Bessarion was out in front of the other three papabili (the Conclave narrative used by CiaconiusOlduin goes on), it seemed evident to Borgia and Gonzaga that things looked good for Bessarion, who was Dean of the College and an old man of theological soundness and integrity of lifestyle. And so, Orsini (who abandoned his own candidacy), Gonzaga and Borgia got together privately, patribus exclusis, and agreed that they would offer the papacy to Bessarion, on certain conditions. However, when Bessarion became aware that he could be made pope on those terms and with the (unnamed) conditions, he refused. They then approached Cardinal della Rovere, with the same conditions, and he agreed. So he was elected the next day. Why these men? A different conclavist (quoted in the original Latin by Creighton, History of the Papacy III [1887], p. 58 n.) states: Inter alios Cardinales fuerunt hi tres praelati maximae quidem auctoritatis, Latinus Ursinus, Rodericus Borgia Vice Cancellarius, Franciscus Gonzaga Mantuanus, qui tres capita fuerunt ejusdem electionis, in se quisquam provinciam assumens difficultates si quae essent rejiciendo. Propterea Pontifex factus, ne ingrtus ullo modo appareret, Latino Ursino est elargitus Cameriatum Ecc., Roderico Vice Cancel dedit Abbatiam de Subiaco, et Card(ina)li alii Mantuano Monasterium Divi Gregorii. The logic of the behavior of Borgia, Gonzaga, and Orsini, as seen by the Ciaconius-Olduin conclavist, is quite suspect. Each cardinal was far more cunning that the conclave narrative allows, and Bessarion's character was already well-known. He had been a cardinal for thirty-three years, had a distinguished career as a humanist and a diplomat, and he had nearly been elected pope in the Conclave of 1464; of course he had a good deal of support. The stylized presentation by the conclavist, as though it were merely a desire to get someone elected who would be under an obligation to the conspirators, so that they could obtain rewards, does not sound authentic. Also, it takes no account of the blow-up between Bessarion and Orsini just before the Conclave began. Why would Orsini be willing to support a man who despised him? And why would Orsini expect anything else than very limited support? He was, after all, a supporter of, and supported by, the King of Naples, which gave him very limited appeal in the Sacred College, whatever his other gifts. And he had only been a cardinal for four years (a charge which was apparently also levelled against Francesco della Rovere); that was thought to be a disadvantage to any candidate. In addition, one may ask what the specific conditions (certis condicionibus) were to which Bessarion was asked to agree? The Cardinals had just negotiated Electoral Capitulations, which, if the Capitulations of earlier conclaves are any guide, were quite extensive. The inference could easily be drawn that Bessarion looked upon these specific and private conditions as a quid pro quo, perhaps coming too close to the definition of simony. Bessarion had already warned Orsini that he did not intend to stand for the sort of manipulations that had taken place in the Conclave of 1464 (in the words of d'Estouteville's chaplain, translated by Petruccelli): il avait décidé qu on entrât en conclave et qu' on donnât sa voix, chacun selon la volonté de Dieu, et de ne plus souffrir que l' on fit l' élection cum les moyens que l' on pratiqua avec Paul II. How could Orsini possibly have approached Bessarion with such a deal? The second scrutiny took place on Friday, August 9, around 15:00 hours. On the scrutiny, the votes were: Cardinal votes Bessarion 6 d'Estouteville 6 Latino Orsini 2 Calandrini 7 Capranica 4 Eroli 3 Fortiguerra 6 Roverella 7 Ammannati 3 Oliviero Carafa 1 Agnifilus 4 Marco Barbo 1 della Rovere 10 Rodrigo Borgia 1 Gonzaga 2 Teodoro Monferrato 0 Zeno 0 Michiel 0 On the scrutiny, Cardinal della Rovere had received the votes of: S. Lutia [Michiel of Venice], Monferrato [Teodoro Paleologo], S. Maria in port. [Zeno of Venice], Ravenna [Roverella], Thiano [Niccolò Fortiguerra], Aquilla [Amico Agnifilus], Niceno [Bessarion], Bologna [Filippo Calandrini], et Orsino [Latino Orsini of Naples]. At the accessio, Francesco della Rovere's ten votes were joined by three more (Borgia, d'Estouteville, and Barbo), giving him thirteen votes—more than a 2/3 majority. It is said by Stefano Infessura [ p. 74 Tommasini] that della Rovere could not have become pope without those three votes (he names Borgia, Orsini, and Gonzaga), and that it was della Rovere's nephew and his conclavist, Pietro Riario, OFM, who was instrumental in obtaining those votes: Die nona augusti 1471 fo creato dalli predetti cardinali papa Sisto Quarto, cardinale de Santo Pietro in Vincula, alias mastro Francesco da Saona, generale dell' ordine di Santo Francesco. lo cardinale Orsino fo fatto camarlengo, lo vicecancelliere s' habbe l' abbadia di Subiaco, lo cardinale di Mantoa s' habbe l' abbadia di Santo Gregorio, et questo perchè diero la voce loro allo ditto cardinale, perchè altramente non poteva essere papa, et questo fo per operatione di frate Pietro. Almost immediately after the election and ceremonies of adoration, Cardinal Latino Orsini was made Camerarius (Camerlengo), Cardinal Borgia was granted the Abbey of Subiaco, Cardinal Gonzaga was granted the Monastery of S. Gregorio [Cardinal Ammannati Piccolomini, Epistolae 395; Stefano Infessura, Diaria rerum Romanarum, sub anno 1471, p. 74 ed. Tommasini; Panvinio, in "Vita Sixti IV", p. 346; an anonymous conclavist quoted by Creighton, History of the Papacy III [1887], p. 58 n.]. The notion that Gonzaga was responsible for Sixtus' election is also found in a letter of August 11, 1471, of Joannes Petrus Arrivabene, the Mantuan ambassador in Rome (and a friend and correspondent of Cardinal Ammannati), to his mother [Pastor (IV, p. 203 and n.), who says it is "ample proof"]. In the voting schedule published by Pastor [The History of the Popes IV, Appendix, no. 43, pp. 505-507], however, the trio of the accessio given by the list is: Borgia, d'Estouteville, and Barbo. not Borgia, d'Estouteville and Gonzaga. These appointments seem to confirm the statements that these three Cardinals were instrumental in the election of Cardinal della Rovere. Gonzaga's name in the list, however, is a surprise and a particular problem. According to the voting lists obtained by the Milanese ambassador, Gonzaga had not voted for della Rovere, not even in the accessio; his votes went to d'Estouteville and Borgia. That fact seems to be in contradiction to the view that he was a supporter of della Rovere and helped to get him elected. If one inquires as to Gonzaga's influence inside the College, one indication might be the cardinals who would vote for him in the election. Gonzaga got only two votes, one from d'Estouteville (who offered his vote to three other candidates), and the other from Teodoro Paleologo (who offered his vote to five other candidates). Such an inference, however, would be hazardous. Or is it the case instead that these appointments were taken as proof of the assistance of these cardinals, and actually generated the story? post hoc, ergo propter hoc? Were these three names an inference, rather than an established fact? It seems more than likely that these sources are retailing the gossip of the moment, from outside the Conclave, based on the immediate news of the first papal appointments. It is well known that Cardinals always approach the new pope as early as possible to ask for favors for themselves and their retainers. They even carried prepared rotuli. These appointments are nothing more than that. And if so, they carry no weight against the testimony of the voting lists from the Conclave, published by Pastor, that Barbo was the third supporter at the accessio, not Gonzaga. And Borgia was already, after all, Abbot Commendatory of Clairvaux, of S. Angelo in Massa, and of Fossanova [Pastor II, pp. 555-556]; the additional grant of Subiaco was nothing extraordinary. Indeed the grant of titles, deaconries and abbacies in commendam had become a standard part of the system of financing the Roman Curia. Pope Paul II, in fact, had named himself Abbot Commendatory of Montecassino after the death of Cardinal Scarampi in 1465 [Tosti, Storia della Badia di Monte cassino I, 174-177]. Gonzaga had never received such a benefaction before, though he had been a cardinal for nine years. It may also be noted that Cardinal Borgia's greater reward came on August 30, when the promotion of Cardinal Filippo Calandrini to the See of Porto allowed for his promotion to the See of Albano. But, as the senior Cardinal Deacon, with nearly fifteen years of service, Borgia had a certain claim to the promotion. And no observation or accusation is made of Cardinal Calandrini's "reward" of the grant of the See of Porto, which had been vacant since the death of Cardinal Richard de Longueil on August 19, 1470 [Eubel II, p. 37 no. 307]. At the same Consistory of August 30, 1471, the first of the reign of Sixtus IV, the son of King Ferdinand of Naples, Giovanni d' Aragona, who was only fifteen years of age, and who was already a Protonotary Apostolic and Abbot Commendatory of the Monastery of SS. Trinita de Cava, was granted the Abbey of Montecassino in commendam. Cardinal Gonzaga's alleged reward for his services in the Election of 1471, the Monstery of S. Gregorio, seems almost small in comparison. And what of the third accessio vote—that of Cardinal d'Estouteville? What reward did it bring him? The appointment of Cardinal Latino Orsini to the office of Camerlengo placed the uncle of Lorenzo de' Medici's wife in an ideal porition to provide the nephew with an entrée into the inner working of the papal finance office. Coronation and possessio Sixtus IV (Rovere) was consecrated Bishop of Rome, August 25, 1471, by Cardinal Guillaume d'Estouteville, bishop of Ostia e Velletri. He was crowned on August 25, 1471, on a platform built on the steps of the Vatican Basilica, by Cardinal Rodrigo Borja, senior Cardinal Deacon [Müntz, Arts, p. 268]. On the same day, August 25 (or at least dated on the same day), Sixtus IV signed a letter, addressed to the leaders and citizens of Interamna and, no doubt, many others), announcing his accession [Baronius-Theiner 29, sub anno 1471, no.70, pp. 518-519]. During the procession from the Vatican to S. Giovanni Laterano for the possessio ceremony, the Pope was attacked ["Vita Sixti IV", by an anonymous author, from a Vatican ms.: Muratori Rerum Italicarium Scriptores III. 2, column 1056]: At vero dum, ut fit, coronam Pontificiam apud Lateranum in magna celebritate ac hominum multitudine suscipit, tantus repente tumultus ortus est, dum pedites ab equitibus in angulo premuntur, ut paulum abfuerit, quin lapidatione obruerentur; ausi enim sunt temerarii quidam in eum quoque lapides conjucere. Sedato autem tumultu celebrataque coronatione, ad rem Ecclesiasticam, Christianamque componendam animum adjicit.... Stefano Infessura is somewhat more precise, though he does not vouch for the statement that the Pope was lapidated [p. 75 Tommasini]: A 25 dì dicti mensis, cioè lo dì di santo Bartolomeo, fo coronato papa Sixto in nelle scale di Santo Pietro, et po se ne gi ad Santo Ioanni ad pigliare la possessione, et in nella piazza di Santo Ioanni fo fatta una rixa perchè la gente d' arme si mischiò con Romani, et fonci fatto a sassi molto bene. Onuphrio Panvinio, in his continuation of the Historia B. Platini de vitis pontificum Romanorum (Coloniae 1568), in the "Life of Sixtus IV" [p. 346], adds the interesting tidbit, that the riot was put down through the efforts of Cardinal Latino Orsini, who had great influence in the city of Rome [cf. Cannesius, "Vita Pauli II," 83-84, 87, for Latino Orsini's influence in restraining Orso Orsini, Duke of Ascoli: At vero Viij. Kal. Septembris in coronationis suae sollennibus, dum in magna populi frequentia lectica portaretur apud Basilicam Lateranensem tantus repente tumuoltus exortus est, dum Romani quidam cives in via ab equitibus pontificiis premerentur, ut maximum vitae periculum adierit, saxis enim seu casu, seu ex composito appetitus, a lecticariis certe destitutus fuisset, nisi Latini cardinalis auctoritas, a quo seditio sedata est, intercessisset, coronatione celebrata.... cf. Cannesius "Vita Pauli II," pp. 45-47 on the Orsini Sixtus IV became one of the greatest nepotists in the history of the papacy [Pastor IV, 231-245], rivalled only by Clement VI. His partiality to Pietro Riario was particularly shameless and destructive. Bibliography Onuphrio Panvinio, "Vita Sixti IV", in Bartholomeo Platina, Historia B. Platinae de vitis pontificum Romanorum (Coloniae: apud Maternum Cholinum 1568), pp. 345352. Michael Cannesius, "Pauli II p.m. Vita", in Muratori, Rerum Italicarum Scriptores III. 2, pp. 993-1022. [Cardinal Ammannati-Piccolomini is a major source of facts; fawningly uncritical and apologetic]. Cardinal Angelus Quirini (1680-1755), "Vindiciae," in Michael Cannesius, Pauli II Veneti Pont. Max. Vita, ex codice Angelicae Bibliothecae desumpta, praemissis ipsius sanctissimi pontificis Vindiciis adversus Platinam, aliosque obtrectatores (Romae 1740), pp. ix-lxxx [Two Venetians try to heroize a fellow Venetian. Quirini was S.R.E. Bibliothecarius from 1730-1755. He attaches to this edition reprints of numerous dedicatory letters to Paul II of books written in Rome in his reign, as proof that Paul was beloved by the humanists; he does not consider the possibility that authors dedicated their books to Paul II in hopes of a position or a reward, or simply because he was the Lord of the Papal States, and etiquette required it. Quirini is nothing but a common apologist. Cf. Müntz, pp. 1-13]. Relazioni dei conclavi per le elezioni dei pont. da Niccolo V ad Innocenzo X, cioe dal 1447 al 1664 (mss. in Codices Corsiniani 214 and 225) [non vidi]. Relazione dei conclavi da Niccolo V a Urbano VIII. (mss. Codex Vaticanus Capponianus 160) [non vidi]. Conclavi diversi, da quello fatto per la sede vacante di pp. Eugenio IV, nel quale fu creato pont. il card. Tommaso Lucano di Sarzana detto Niccolo V (1447) a quello in cui fu eletto pp. Maffeo Barberino, fiorentino, detto Urbano VIII (ms. Codex Vaticanus 8047) [non vidi]. Conclavi vari, da Pio II a Clemente XIII (ms. Biblioteca communale, Siena) [non vidi]. Also: Codex Vaticanus 7838 and 8685. [quos non vidi] J. B. Mencken (ed.), Jo. Antonii Campani Epistolae et Poemata, una cum vita auctoris (Leipzig 1707). Augustinus Patricius {Agostino Patrizi). Descriptio adventus Friderici III. Imperatoris ad Paulum Papam II, in Ludovicus Antonius Muratori, Rerum Italicarum Scriptores 23 (Mediolani 1733), 203-216. ib. in J. Mabillon, Museum Italicum Tomus I (Lutetiae Parisiorum: Montalant 1724), pp. 256-272. Giuseppe Coletti, "Dai diari di Stefano Caffari," Archivio della Società Romana di storia patria 8 (1885), 555-575. M. Pelaez, "Il Memoriale di Paolo di Benedetto di Cola dello Maestro dello rione di Ponte," Archivio della r. società Romana di storia patria 16 (1893), 41-130. Stefano Infessura, Diario della citta di Roma (a cura di Oreste Tommasini) (Roma 1890). Angelo de Tummulillis, Notabilia temporum, (edited by Constantino Corvisieri) (Roma 1890). Bartolommeo Platina, Historia B. Platinae de vitis Pontificum Romanorum...que ad Paulum II Venetum ... doctissimarumque annotationum Onuphrii Panvinii (Cologne: apud Maternum Cholinum 1568). Bartolommeo Platina, Historia B. Platinae de vitis pontificum Romanorum ...cui etiam nunc accessit supplementum... per Onuphrium [Panvinium]... et deinde per Antonium Cicarellam (Cologne: Cholini 1600). E. Motta, "Bartolomeo Platina e Papa Paolo II," Archivio della r. società romana di storia patria 7 (1884), 555-559. Augusto Campana and Paola Medioli Masotti (editors), Bartolomeo Sacchi Il Platina (Piadena 1421 - Roma 1481): Atti Del Convegno Internazionale Di Studi Per Il V Centenario (Cremona, 14-15 Novembre 1981) (Padova: Antenore, 1986). S. Chambers, "Il Platina e il cardinale Francesco Gonzaga," Campana and Masotti, Bartolomeo Sacchi Il Platina (Piadena 1421 - Roma 1481), 9-38. Stefan Bauer, The censorship and fortuna of Platina's Lives of the popes in the sixteenth century (Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols 2006). [Gregorio Leti], Conclavi de' pontefici romani (1667) 63-64; Volume 1 (Colonia 1691) 115-117. Onuphrio Panvinio, Epitome Pontificum Romanorum a S. Petro usque ad Paulum IIII. Gestorum (videlicet) electionisque singulorum & Conclavium compendiaria narratio (Venice: Jacob Strada 1557) 332-333.. [Gregorio Leti], Il Cardinalismo di Santa Chiesa Parte terza (1668), pp. 142-144. [Gregorio Leti], Histoire des conclaves 3rd edition (Cologne 1703) 2 vols. Lorenzo Cardella, Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Ecclesia Tomo III (Roma: Pagliarini 1793) 1-136. Cesare Baronius, Od. Reynaldi, et Jac. Laderchi, Annales Ecclesiastici (edited by Augustinus Theiner, Orat.) Tomus vigesimus nonus (1454-1480) (Barri Ducis 1876) [Baronius-Theiner]. Conradus Eubel, Hierarchia catholica editio altera (Monasterii 1923). G. Constant, "Les maîtres de cérémonies du XVIe siècle: leurs Diaires ," Mélanges de l' École français de Rome 23 (1903), 161-229; 319-344. F. Petruccelli della Gattina, Histoire diplomatique des conclaves Volume I (Paris: 1864), 273-283. J. B. Sägmüller, Die Papstwahlen und die Staaten von 1447 bis 1555 (Tübingen: H. Laupp 1890), pp. 97-99. Ludwig Pastor, History of the Popes (tr. R.F. Kerr) third edition, Volume IV (1894), 174-230 [an ardent supporter of Paul II and Sixtus IV, and a harsh critic of Cardinal Ammannati, Bartolomeo Platina, and any critic of the papal system. Partisan in the extreme]. Ferdinand Gregorovius, The History of Rome in the Middle Ages (translated from the fourth German edition by A. Hamilton) Volume 7 part 1 [Book XIII, Chapter 3] (London 1900). J.-B. Christophe, Histoire de la papauté pendant le XVe siècle Tome premier (Paris 1863) 93-96; 116-119. Mandell Creighton, A History of the Papacy during the Period of the Reformation. Vol. III: The Italian Princes, 1464-1518 (London: Longmans 1887). A.J. Dunston, " Pope Paul II and the Humanists," Journal of Religious History 7 (1973) 207-306. R.J. Palermino,"The Roman Academy, the Catacombs and the Conspiracy of 1468," Archivum Historiae Pontificiae 18 (1980) 117-155. P. Medioli Masotti, "L' Accademia romana e la congiura del 1468, con un'appendice di A. Campana," Italia Medioevale e Umanistica 25 (1982), 189-204. M. Ansani (editor), Camera Apostolica. Documenti relativi alle diocesi del ducato di Milano (1458-1471). I 'libri annatarum' di Pio II e Paolo II (Milano 1994). Erich Frantz, Sixtus IV und die Republik Florenz (Regensburg; Georg Joseph Manz, 1880). P.J. Jones, The Malatesta of Rimini and the Papal State. A Political History (Cambridge 1974) pp. 241-248. Vespasiano da Bisticci, Vite di Uomini illustri del secolo XV. (ed. Adolfo Bartoli) I (Firenze: Barbèra, Bianchi, 1859). "Cardinale Niceno" "Cardinale di Ravenna" Selections from records of the Apostolic Chamber referring to French cardinals contain a number of important entries: G. Bourgin, "Les cardinaux français et le diaire caméral de 1439-1486," Mélanges d' archeologie et d' histoire 24 (1904), 299. Eugène Müntz, Les arts à la cour des Papes pendant le XVe et XVIe siècle. Deuxième partie. Paul II, 1464-1471 (Paris: Thorin 1879). On Cardinal Jean Jouffroy (Johannes Godefridus); Charles Fierville, Le cardinal Jean Jouffroy et son temps (1412-1473). Étude historique (Paris: Hachette 1874). On Cardinal d'Estouteville, Marguerite Mollier, Le cardinal Guillaume d' Estouteville et le Grand VIcariat de Pontoise (Paris: Plon 1906). X. Barbier de Montault, Le Cardinal d'Estouteville bienfateur des églises de Rome (Angers 1859) [=Oeuvres complètes Tome premier (Poitiers 1889) 5-14]. On Cardinal Gonzaga: D.S. Chambers, A Renaissance cardinal and his wordly goods: the inventory of Francesco Gonzaga (1444-1483) (London 1992). D.S. Chambers, "Francesco 'cardinalino' (c. 1477-1511): the son of cardinal Francesco Gonzaga," Atti e memorie della Accademia Virgiliana di Mantova 48 (1980), pp. 5-55. On Cardinal Capranica: P. Simonelli, La famiglia Capranica nei secc. XV-XVII (Roma 1973), pp. 1-6. On Cardinal Balue: 1491) (Paris 1895). Henri Forgeot, Jean Balue, Cardinal d' Angers (1421?— Henri Vast, Le Cardinal Bessarion (1403-1472) (Paris: Hachette 1878). R. Rocholl, Bessarion. Studie zur Geschichte der Renaissance (Leipzig: Deichert 1904). Charles Yriarte, Un condottière au XVe siècle Rimini. Études sur les lettres et les artes à la cour des Malatesta (Paris: J. Rothschild 1882). E. Pontieri, Per la storia del regno di Ferrante I d'Aragona re di Napoli. Studi e ricerche second edition (Napoli 1969). On the Spanish in Rome: J. Ruis Serra, "Catalanes y Aragonenses en la corte de Calixto III," Analecta sacra Tarraconensia 3 (1927) 193-330. On Naples: José Ametller y Vinyas, Alfonso V de Aragón en Italia, y la crisis religiosa del siglo XV Tomo II (Gerona 1904). E. Pontieri, Per la storia del regno di Ferrante I d'Aragona re di Napoli: Studi e ricerche (Napoli 1969). Peter de Roo, Material for a History of the Pope Alexander VI, his relatives and his time, Vol. 2: Roderic de Borgia, from the cradle to the throne (Bruges: Desclee, De Brouwer & Co., 1924). On the Venetians in Rome: I. Robertson, "Pietro Barbo - Paul II: 'Zentilhomo de Venecia e Pontifico'," in D.S. Chambers (editor), War, Culture and Society in Renaissance Venice. Essays in Honour of John Hale (London-Rio Grande 1993), pp. 147-172. G. Bonaccorso, "I veneziani a Roma da Paolo II alla caduta della Serenissima: l'ambasciata, le fabbriche, il quartiere," in D. Calabi & P. Lanaro (editors), La città italiana e i luoghi degli stranieri (Bari 1998), 192-195. Emilio Motta, "Documenti milanese intorno a Paolo II e al Card. Riario," Archivio della R. società romana per la storia patria 11 (1888) 253-265. Eugène Müntz, Les arts à la cour des papes pendant le XVe et le XVIe siècles. Troisième partie: Sixte IV—Léon X (1471-1521) (Paris: Ernest Thorin 1882).