History of the Arrival of Colonizers in Indonesia

HISTORY OF THE ARRIVAL OF COLONIZERS IN INDONESIA AND OCEAN TRAVEL 1. Explain the arrival of colonial nations to Indonesia The arrival of Europeans in Indonesia was one of the thematic events of the period of European civilization in Indonesia. This period is part of the history of modern Indonesian civilization. The first two Europeans to arrive in Indonesia were the Portuguese and the Dutch. After Alfonso de Albuquerque succeeded in occupying Malacca in 1511, the Portuguese arrived in Indonesia for the first time. According to records, Alfonso de Albuquerque invaded Malacca between February and November 1511. Coming from the Malacca region, the fleet led by Antonio de Abreu and Francisco Serrao reached the Timor, Banda and Maluku Islands. The next Europeans to arrive in Indonesia were the Dutch. In 1592, Cornelis de Houtman was sent to find a direct route to the source of spice production for Dutch trade. He also arrived in Banten City, Jayakarta (another name for ancient Jakarta) in 1596. The Dutch avoided the sea route through the Malacca Strait, which at that time was controlled by Portugal (and Spain) because these countries were at war with the Dutch. Other countries have also come to Indonesia, such as Spain, England and France. However, the situation in these countries is different. In other words, these countries did not come like the Portuguese and the Dutch. As an example: the Spaniards only stayed in Indonesia for a short time; in the Hamahera Islands they abandoned the islands after the Treaty of Zaragoza came into force and lost their influence in local political power. The British only stayed briefly in Indonesia, specifically in Sumatra (especially Bengkulu) and the island of Java. They only built a small trading post, and conflict with the Dutch forced them to leave Indonesia. When the Dutch were colonized by France, they occupied the Dutch East Indies colony (Indonesia) and briefly ruled Indonesia until the Dutch were again liberated from France and regained their Dutch East Indies colony. France only indirectly ruled Indonesia. When the European continent was devastated by the French Revolution, the Netherlands was colonized by France. Many leaders in the Netherlands were sympathizers/agents/special envoys of the French authorities. For example, Governor General Herman Willem Daendels was a Dutchman sympathetic to the French Revolution and an official appointed by the French authorities serving in the Netherlands. 2. Explain the factors behind the failure of the Indonesian nation's struggle The struggle of the Indonesian state continues throughout much of the Kingdom moment. The arrival of European nations in the sixteenth century was initially greeted by commercial spices. However, over time, colonialism and imperialism were implemented which Indonesia wanted to study. At that time, Indonesia was a national sales country. Because of this, resistance to intruders in some areas. This condition existed for quite a long time before 17 August 1945, the Declaration of Indonesian Independence. However, the battles carried out in several areas failed and they were defeated. The failure factor cited by the Ministry of Education and Culture (Ministry of Education) before the twentieth century was Bandan resistance and the Indonesian people did not occupy. There are several factors that cause failure. In other words, regional or regional struggles are not at the same time. We physically use traditional weapons, such as sharpening bamboo, machines, and other traditional weapons. So he lost his weapon. The religious leaders, or nobles, were led by charismatic characters. Sporadic or seasonal. An effective combat policy is an effective sheep policy (ET Import). Resistance showed no results. It always fails and can be eradicated invasively. At that time, they were not independent Indonesia. However, how to lead the intruders of this area. So they can easily focus on the steep by sheep. The victim fell next to Indonesia. From the explanation above, it is known that these factors are: • Struggle is local or regional, not simultaneous. • Physically use traditional weapons, such as sharpened bamboo, machetes, or other traditional weapons. So they were outgunned. • Led by charismatic figures, such as religious figures or nobles. • Sporadic or seasonal. • Effective politics of fighting each other (devide et impera). 3. Explain the advantages of forming a struggle organization in Indonesia In order to win the Great East Asian War against the West, Japan mobilized all its capabilities and supplies in its colonies, one of which was Indonesia. Japan has established a series of social organizations with different tasks. At that time, there were six organizations with quite a lot of members. Social organizations formed by Japan include: Three Princesses Fujin Java Sea Hokokai MIAI Masjumi Movement During the Dutch East Indies colonial period, social organizations were initiated by leaders of the national movement. However, during the Japanese occupation, Japan established and controlled the organization. However, movement leaders such as Sukarno and Mohamed Hatta were willing to cooperate with Japan. They believe that cooperation is the best step in war. The Three A Movement was quoted from the Japanese occupation period (2018). The Three A Movement (3A) has three mottos, namely: Get information, inspiration and knowledge in your email. Registered Email Japan Asian Protector Japan Asian Leader Japan Asian Light Movement III A was founded on April 29 1942, which coincided with Japanese National Day, the birthday of Emperor Hirohito (Tencosetsu). This campaign was initiated by Shimizuhito, Minister of the Propaganda Department (Senden Department) of Japan. Hitoshi Shimizu appointed a national sports figure, Mr. Syamsudin (Raden Sjamsoeddin), as president. This movement covers all areas of education. The education sector can achieve the goal of accommodating many young people. Putera As a replacement for the Tiga A movement which was disbanded because it was ineffective, Japan launched the People's Power Center or Putera. Putera is run by a national figure often referred to as "four in one". Series four includes Soekarno, Moh Hatta, KH Mas Mansyur and Ki Hajar Dewantara. With the blessing of Japan, Putera was founded on April 16 1943. Putera's goal was to rebuild and revive what was destroyed by the Dutch. Java Hokokai In 1944, Japan began to engage in war with Western countries. As a replacement for the Sanjiazi Movement, Japan founded Java Hokokai. Starting with the Japanese occupation of Indonesia (2019), depicts Jawa Hokokai or Javanese Bakti Association on January 8 1944. Jawa Hokokai was founded to foster unity and community spirit. Facing the Japanese war, people were expected to serve. The form of service is as follows: Self-sacrifice Strengthening brotherhood Action with evidence. In contrast to Putera which is led by national movement figures, Jawa Hokokai is actually an official government organization. From the explanation above, it is known that the situation of national movement organizations during the Japanese occupation was that some were more advanced and some were more prosperous. This organization was formed by the Japanese government and the Indonesian government with different goals. However, what was more beneficial was the formation of a Japanese organization, namely an auxiliary army or police whose members were Indonesian people who knew how to use warfare tactics and weapons systems. 4. Explain several factors that led to ocean exploration European colonization around the world began with ocean exploration. The era of ocean exploration or discovery lasted from the 15th century to the mid-18th century. Ocean exploration allowed Europeans to sail to other continents. The voyage was followed by trade and colonization. It was shipping that made Europe the most advanced civilization in the world. Here are some of the factors behind ocean exploration: Europeans once believed that the earth was the center of the universe. But scientist Nicolas Copernicus promoted the heliocentric theory, that the earth revolved around the sun and not vice versa. In the past, humans believed that the earth was flat and had edges. But with this theory, the earth means a circle, which can be explored infinitely. The astronomical theory at that time encouraged many people to prove it. In addition, European countries could build large ships that could be used for navigation. Gunpowder was also found. The gunpowder was then used as cannonballs, a weapon used on ships to combat the threat of pirates. The invention of the compass also helped explorers. They no longer need to look up to the sky to determine direction. The goal of European exploration was summarized as "gold, glory, gospel" or gold, god, glory. Gold: Achieve economic goals by seeking large profits and returns in transactions. Commodities traded included Indonesian spices, African slaves and other natural resources. Glory: The goal of exploration is to discover as many colonies as possible to bring fame, glory, and power. Gospel: The purpose of religion is to spread Christian doctrines. At that time, Christianity opposed Islam and its civilization. Christians consider other religions to be heretical. In the era of ancient imperialism, Portugal and Spain were two Catholic kingdoms, and their naval power, navigation technology and shipping were more advanced than other countries. The Portuguese and Spanish were Europeans, and they were pioneers of maritime exploration. During their exploration, they came to Asia, and one of them came to Indonesia. Portuguese, Spanish, British, French, Dutch and Danish played an active role. Open communication networks between regions. 5. Explain how the Dutch first set foot in Indonesia There were 4 Dutch ships led by Cornelis de Houtman arriving in Banten waters on June 27 1596. Cornelis Houtman received information that in the far east, there were Indonesian spice-producing islands. From there, the Dutch emerged as the longest-serving colonialists in the archipelago. The Dutch colonialists had colonized Indonesia for 3.5 centuries or 350 years until independence in 1945, an achievement that destroyed the sovereignty of the archipelago. On that day, the Dutch discovered Banten, which is generally only a small part of the spice islands which are quite tempting in the world. The criminal practice of Dutch colonialism in the archipelago finally began and colonialist Cornelis de Houtman was the pioneer and milestone in the establishment of Dutch population in the archipelago. In 1598, 22 ships from 5 different large Dutch companies sailed to the archipelago. The fleet led by Jacob van Neck first arrived in the 'Spice Islands', namely in the Maluku region in March 1599. The ship finally returned to the Netherlands in 1599-1600 carrying a lot of spices. The profits obtained by the Netherlands reached more than 400% which finally attracted the Dutch government. The Dutch formed the Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie or what we know as the VOC in 1602 by uniting Dutch businessmen. The VOC returned to Maluku on a trade mission where the VOC disturbed the Portuguese who previously monopolized trade in the Maluku region. It turned out that the VOC was collaborating with the Sultanate of Ternate who wanted the Portuguese to leave Maluku. In 1605 the VOC attacked the Portuguese stronghold in Maluku and caused the Portuguese to retreat to Timor Leste. The Dutch victory over the Portuguese became the entry point for colonialism 300 years later. Not long after controlling the Maluku region, the VOC spread its wings to Java and other areas in the archipelago.