Chapter 3 - Summary Worlds Together Worlds Apart

Chapter 3 Nomads, Chariots, Territorial States, and Micro-societies, (2000 – 1200 BCE) Introduction 1.) 2200 BCE – Old Kingdom of Egypt collapse a. Ineffectiveness in Memphis b. Decline in arts & sciences c. The real reason? i. Radical changes in climate – warming and drying periods (2200 – 2150 BCE) 1. Nile ran dry ii. Fall of governing structures in Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Indus Valley 2.) Importance of the Chariot NOMADIC MOVEMENT AND THE EMERGENCE OF TERRITORIAL STATES 1.) Transhumant Migrants – pastoral herders that lived in close-proximity of settled agriculturalists a. Searched for food and resources in the regions of Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Indus and Yellow River Valleys b. Used chariots (two—wheeled horse drawn vehicles used in warfare and later in races) i. Allowed for faster movement Nomadic and Transhumant Migrations 1.) Migrations driven by need for water sources and pastures a. Highland plateaus bordering Inner Eurasian steppes b. Southwest Asia (Syria and Arabian Peninsula) c. Agrarian heartlands of Mesopotamia, Indus River Valley, and highlands of Anatolia, Iran, China, and Europe i. Brought horses, technologies, religion, language, and pressures brought by growing population 2.) HORSES AND CHARIOTS a. Elites wrote about nomads – “barbaric” that were cruel enemies of “civilization” b. Invention of the chariot and harnessing of horses – domesticated in 4 th Millennium BCE i. Food source in Russia region c. Use of horses as a draft animal – crucial difference was that a horse raises its head so there was a need to produce headgear to control their steeds’ speed and direction. i. Archaeologists discover parts of horse harnesses that indicates an evolution of headgear d. 2000 BCE – pastoral nomads near Mesopotamian plain and north of the Caucasus join the harnessed horse to the chariot i. Transformed warfare – in which nomads lightened their chariots for speed increase 1. Use of Bronze and then later – iron e. East of Ural Region – made bronze weapons and chariot parts in a group of nomadic settlements f. Importance of Iron i. First used as a decorative and experimental metals – most tools and weapons were bronze ii. Wheels transformed to spokes and hooped bronze/ later – iron rims g. Importance in War? i. Reduced travel time ii. Mobility, Accuracy, and Shooting Power challenged political balance iii. 1000 BCE – iron armor iv. Egypt valued chariot archery – Tutankhamun (c. 1336- 1327) all his equipment went to his tomb with him The Emergence of Territorial States 1.) What is a Territorial State and what did it do? a. Exerted power over distant hinterlands i. Centralized – organized around charismatic rulers b. New cultural identity – no longer aligned with a city BUT instead a territory, its rulers, and broad linguistic and ethnic communities c. City State v Territorial State i. Root of power 1. Temple, palace based society– without clearly defined hinterlands – City State 2. Territorial State based around monarchs, expanses, definable borders, and ambitions for continuous expansion a. Did have central cities ii. Occurred at different pace throughout world THE RISE OF TERRITORIAL STATES IN EGYPT AND SOUTHWEST ASIA 1.) Fall of the Old Kingdom (Egypt) and Mesopotamian City-States – a. Divided into two periods i. 2000-1600 BCE (First Phase) 1. Babylonia 2. Middle Kingdom (Egypt) ii. 1600 BCE – 1. Nomadic migrations and conquests create instability and rise of Territorial States a. New Kingdom (Egypt) b. HitÝtes of Anatolia c. Amorites of Babylonia d. Kassites of Mesopotamia 2.) Importance of the Chariot a. HitÝtes use of the chariot – cuneiform shows importance of chariot training 3.) Enjoyed Peace relatively – buffer states such as Syro-Palestinian quarreled Egypt 1.) Two states unify the river valley and expand north and south 2.) Nile River irregularity caused uproar – Pharaoh lost legitimacy 3.) MIDDLE KINGDOM EGYPT (2040 -1640 BCE) a. Mentuhotep (two rulers in Thebes) consolidated power in Upper Egypt and establish the Middle Kingdom (last 350 years) i. Built on religious and political institutions 4.) GODS AND KINGS a. The 12th Dynasty i. Adopted Amun as its chief God – meaning hidden 1. Easy cult to embrace 2. Merged to become Amun-Re: King of the Gods 5.) ROYAL SPLENDOR AND ROYAL CARE a. Undertook massive public works projects – massive temple complex in Thebes b. Pharaohs portrayed themselves as stewards of their people 6.) MERCHANTS AND TRADE NETWORKS a. Did not depend on kings for benefits – middle class constructed tombs with representations of material goods that would be used in the afterlife – new as it was originally reserved in Old Kingdom for royal families b. Trade – Egypt relied heavily on wood imports i. Phoenicia (Lebanon) c. Expansion of trade – Ethiopia (metals, ivory, lifestock, slaves, exotic animals i. Sinai Peninsula – copper and turquoise ii. Colonization of Nubia 7.) HYKSOS INVADERS AND NEW FOUNDATIONS a. 1640 BCE – “Rulers of Foreign Lands” (a western Semitic-speaking people) overthrew the 13th Dynasty i. Horse chariots ii. Established the 15th Dynasty 1. Transformed the Egyptian Military b. Ahmosis (1550-1525) overthrew the Hyksos using chariot and other weaponry i. Iniated a strategy of interference in the affairs of smaller kingdoms in Levant c. New technologies i. Bronze working ii. Improved potters’ wheel iii. Vertical loom d. War technologies i. Horse and chariot ii. Composite bow iii. Scimitar 8.) NEW KINGDOM EGYPT a. Expansion of power i. Control of Nubia lasts 100 years b. Hatshepsut – served as regent for her young son i. Thutmosis III (1479 BCE) c. Expansion into Levant i. Battle of Megiddo – first recorded chariot battle (Egyptian victory and extension of control in Palestine ii. Ramses II – expansion of chariot warfare Anatolia and the Rise of the HitÝtes 1.) Easy to traverse – promoted herding 2.) Settlements – adopt pastoral, agriculture, and urban commercial centers a. Fortified – engaged in regional warfare 3.) THE OLD AND NEW HITTITE KINGDOMS (1800 – 1200 BCE) a. Hattusilis I – unified the HitÝtes i. Marched against northern Syria, Mesopotamia – Babylon b. Supplilulimua I – Qadesh Mesopotamia 1.) Climate Change and Invasions a. Did not use chariots 2.) NOMADIC AND TRANSHUMANT MIGRATION TO MESOPOTAMIAN CITIES a. Amorites i. Worked as part of the urban fabric – did have few political rights within the citystate ii. 2004 BCE – Amorites bring down the 3rd Dynasty of Ur iii. Restored power and helped bring an Golden Age - Old Babylonian Dynasty 3.) RESTORED ORDER AND CULTURE a. Rulers promoted learning and public works and art projects i. Kassites – reproduced earlier Mesopotamian cultural achievements 1. Continuation of Sumerian culture b. Legitimization of Rulers i. Epic of Giglamesh – earliest surviving work of literature 4.) TRADE AND THE RISE OF A PRIVATE ECONOMY a. Employed private entrepreneurs to collect taxes, etc. – pocketed a percentage b. Merchants allowed Mesopotamia to serve as a trading centre for Indus River Valley and other communities i. Construction of vessels c. Protection of Interests – commercial rules, insurance, kinship networks along trade routes 5.) MESOPOTAMIAN KINGDOMS a. Nomadic social organization incorporated with city state structures – kinship was tribal b. Evolution of new territorial states – three stages i. Chieftains become kings ii. Authority becomes alliance with merchants – exchanged for revenue and political support iii. Royal status is hereditary c. Establishment of vassal states – allies that pay tribute to King in exchange for protection d. Hammurapi (Hammurabi) – 6th King of the Old Babylonia’s First Dynasty – centralized state authority and introduced a new legal system i. Imitated that of Middle Kingdom pharaohs as shepherd and patriarch of the people ii. Hammurabi’s Code – grand legal system 1. 300 edicts addressing crimes and punishments 2. Gender Roles & Family Roles 3. Social Classes a. Free Person (awilum) b. Dependent(mushkenum) c. Slave (Wardum) e. 1595 – HitÝte king Hattusilis captures Babylon 6.) KASSITE RULE a. Assimilated into Babylonian society and seized power after the HitÝtes destabilized the region i. 1475 – ruled for 350 years b. Strove to preserve past economic and cultural identities i. Saved and revised historical literature and cultural practices ii. Linked Egypt, Anatolia, and southwestern Iran during the Community of Major Powers The Community of Major Powers (1400 – 1200 BCE) 1.) First attempt at international diplomacy – treatises and negotiations a. 300 letters discovered at Akhenaten tomb in Amarna, Egypt 2.) Babylonians serve as the diplomatic language – due to knowledge in languages 3.) Collapse a. Disintegration of social class – couldn’t pay taxes and refused to fight NOMADS AND THE INDUS RIVER VALLEY 1.) Rise of the Aryans “Respected ones” out of Inner Eurasia a. Vedic people – known for sacred texts (Rig Veda) during sacrifices b. Language was Sanskrit i. Source for many European languages c. Chariots, Metallurgy (Copper and Bronze), Wheel making – helped with transportation and military capability d. Religious i. Multiple gods (horse has value) e. Settlements i. Deccan Plateau ii. Ganges iii. Himalayan foothills f. Converted to Settled Agriculture RISE OF THE SHANG STATE (1600 -1045 BCE) 1.) Religion to unify the states a. Tang defeats Xia king 2.) Centralization a. Did not have clearly-established borders i. Capital moved around as territory expanded -- c.Relativesecurityallowedkingstoruleinahighlypersonalway d.Createdaformalrulinglineage e.Shangrulersusedmetallurgyandwritingtoreinforcerule i.Ancestorworship ii.Divination iii.Otherrituals D.Stateformation 1.ShangstategrewoutofthesmallagriculturalandriverinevillageculturesoftheLongshanpeople,who hadintroducedelementsofastate 2.ElementsfromLongshanculturethatcontributedtotheformationoftheShangstate a.Metalindustrybasedoncopper b.Potterymaking c.Standardizedarchitecturalformsandwalledtowns d.Divinationusinganimalbones,"oraclebones" 3.Shangdynastyaddedotherelements a.Alineageofhereditaryrulerswhosepowerwasbasedonancestorsandgods b.Writtenrecords c.Tribute d.Elaborateritualsthatenabledthemtocommunewithancestorsandforetellthefuture e.Centralizedformsofcontrol 4.Needtoexpandandprotectborders a.Usedhorsesandchariots i.Horsesandchariotscamebywayofnomadiccontacts ii.Shangimprovedonharnesses iii.Chariot-basedaristocracyemerged 5.Severalotherstatesdevelopedbetween1500and1300BCEinEastAsia a.Shangtradedwiththe“Fang”states(non-Shang) b.ShangstateneverascentralizedasEgyptorBabylon 6.Shang’sgolden-agecapitalatYin,dynastypeakedaround1200BCE a.Closetometalresourcesformakingbronze b.Erectedmassivepalaces,royalneighborhoods,andbronzefoundries c.Statesupportedartisanworkshops d.Statecollectedtributefromsurroundingfarmlands d. Promotedwritingbyscribesandproductionbycommonartisans -- 3.) Agriculture and Tribute a. Promoted agriculture due to understanding its importance i. Rulers operated farms for family, craftworkers, and military ii. Shang developed the 12 months – 360-day lunar calendar – that contained leap months for seasons iii. Domestication of silkworms, pigs, dogs, sheep, and oxen b. Wealth – relied on tribute from elites and allies i. Elites receive tribute from commoners 4.) Shang Society and Beliefs a. Shang have resources necessary to sustain a complex society – i. Organization based back generations to a common MALE ancestor ii. All generations lived together on property iii. Women gained respect & honor by becoming mothers – particularly of sons b. Death Ritual – sacrificing humans to accompany the dead in the afterlife – particularly family i. Some elites – full entourage 1. Wives 2. Consorts 3. Servants 4. Chariots 5. Horses and drivers 6. Slave – slave society c. Government- Theocracy i. Ancestral worship – guidance from ancestors and the Gods 1. Ancestors given offerings for interventions a. Oracle bones – divine ritual performances in hopes of spiritual intervention i. Elites asked about weather – communities dependent on good seasons 1. Family health and also well being 2. Leaders led the unified clergy THE SOUTH PACIFIC 1. Migration and Trade- brought cultures together as people ventured across the waters in search of opportunities and refuge a. Traced back by vocabulary and language similarities - Taiwan, Philippines, and Indonesia back to coastal South China i. Fourth Millennium BCE - Polynesia ii. 2500 BCE - Taiwan migrants come to Polynesia and into South Pacific Seafaring Skills 1. The Double-Outrigger Canoe a. 60-100ft long w/ huge triangular sails b. Could cover 120 mi per day i. Stabilization device invented 2. Migrated into South Pacific - except Australia and New Zealand (evidence from pottery and domesticated animals) a. 1600 BCE - New Guinea i. Fiji ii. Samoa iii. Tonga Environment & Culture 1. Austronesian settlements migrated from Taiwan into the Philippines a. 2500 BCE - Java, Sumatra, Celebes, Borneo, and Timor b. 2000 BCE - Austronesians arrived in Java and Sumatra c. 1600 BCE - Arrived in Australia & New Guinea - failed to penetrate interior i. Descendants of indigenous tribes still inhabit d. 1200 BCE - Samoa and Fiji e. 1000 BCE - Mainland Southeast Asia 2. Cultivation of Crops - tropical/ subtropical climate suitable w/ fertile soils from volcanic ash a. Yams and sweet potatoes b. Tree Crops- Breadfruit, bananas, and cocnuts c. Maritime resources i. Coral reefs and mangrove swamps 1. Fish and shellfish 3. Culture and Language a. All settlements share common culture and language - technology and cultivation tales i. Polynesian - means belongs to many islands b. Crop surplus leads to specialization and military c. Settlements building ceremonial buildings and fortifications d. Alliances i. Multi-island that launched invasions 4. Migrating even further out a. 200 CE - Marquesas Islands i. Easter Island - South 1. Monumental Polynesian architecture ii. Hawaii - North iii. Madagascar and East Africa 1. Migrations and expansion of banana crops MICRO-SOCIETIES IN THE AEGEAN WORLD 1. Resembled the South Pacific in terms of distribution of settlements a. Lack of centralization - no single regime b. Fragmented societies that enjoyed trade w/ Greek mainland, Egypt, Anatolia, Syria, and Palestine i. Mycenaeans - Mycenae Seaborne Trade and Communication 1. Influence came from east in form of seafaring vessels a. Trade 2. Acted as a hub a. Linked i. Western Asia ii. Europe iii. Islands b. Cyprus 3. Important Imports a. Tin b. Copper i. Bronze ii. Cyprus had huge reserves iii. Traded as far… 1. West- Crete 2. East- Euphrates 3. South- Egypt 4. Culture a. Featured independent palace centers - Crete i. Knossos ii. Built by the Minoans 1. King Minos iii. Wealth acted as a magnet for Mycenaeans - took over in 1400 BCE Minoan Culture 1. Borrowed a. Architecture from Southwest Asia i. Palace complex 2. Worship focused on the “Lady” a. No trace of temple complexes like in Mesopotamia, Anatolia, and Egypt i. Did not have a priest class ii. Did not have scribes 3. Regional Diversity within the Aegean a. Thera - splendid trading city discovered by archaeologists i. Not centered around a palace complex b. Crete - centrally organized societies w/ no natural or fortified defenses Mycenaean Culture 1. Migrated into Greece from central Europe - bringing Indo- European language, horse chariots, and metalworking skills a. Chariots reflected mythology, cultural traditions, and military conquest b. Militaristic culture 2. Main palace centersa. Tiryns b. Mycenae i. Fortresses surrounded by stone walls located atop large rock outcroppings 3. Accumulation of wealth- indicated in burial excavations 4. Cultural Centers and Political Systems a. Coastal sites i. Tiryns ii. Pylos b. Social Bureaucratic Hierarchy i. Ruler ii. Subordinates 1. Scribes 2. Local farmers 3. Shepherds 4. metalworkers iii. Slaves 5. Crete & Mycenaean Expansion a. Overwhelmed the Minoans i. Created colonies 1. Sicily 2. Southern Italy 6. Fall of Mycenaeans and Minoans a. Migrations i. Later establishment of Greece EUROPE - THE NORTHERN FRONTIER 1. Transition to Settled Agriculture and Domestication a. Occurred between after 3000 BCE b. Traditionalism of Hunter-Gatherers 2. Isolationism a. Environment did not support long-distance trade b. No fertile lands 3. Adopting Southwest Asian techniques a. Plant and animal domestication and cultivation - used ONLY for self- sufÏcient communities b. Did not incorporate cultural and political features c. Still remained a frontier 4. Changes that affected the northern frontier… a. Horse b. Chariot i. Promoted adaptation of steppe lands of inner and central europe 1. Pastures 5. Challenges a. Within and to the east i. Resistance in central Eurasia - Black Sea 1. Inhabitants shifted to pastoral economy but sought rich lands in Central Europe 6. Culture blending a. Warrior ethos i. Mounted horse - Scythian culture drank blood to become a blood brotherhood of warriors w/ heightened aggressive behavior -- END CHAPTER