University:
Cameron University
Course:
1364 | General Chemistry I
Academic year:

2024
Views:

181

Pages:

3
Author:

Graje8mk

Solubility The solubility of a substance is the amount of that substance that will dissolve in a given amount of solvent. Solute – The substance that dissolves to form a solution Solvent – The substance in which a solute dissolves Solution – A mixture of one or more solutes dissolved in a solvent Note: A substance is said to be soluble if more than 0.1 g of that substance dissolves in 100 mL solvent. Factors Affecting Solubility: I. II. The nature of the intermolecular forces or interionic forces in both the solute and the solvent. Temperature Kinds of Bonds ionic Polar covalent Nonpolar covalent Interparticles Bonds & Solubility Example Solubility in different solvents Formula Water Alcohol Benzene Chemical Potassium chloride Sugar KCl Very soluble Slightly soluble insoluble C12H22O11 Very soluble soluble insoluble Naphthalene C10H8 insoluble soluble Very soluble Solubility Rules a) Nitrates: NO3All nitrates are soluble. Example Note: K NO3 Except: Oxynitrates : Antimony & Bismuth SbONO3 BiONO3 b) Acetates: CH3COOAll acetates are soluble. Example Note: 1 Ca(CH3COO)2 Except: Silver acetate (with concentrated solution may precipitate): Ag (CH3COO) c) Chlorates: ClO3All chlorates are soluble. Example Mg(ClO3)2 Note: d) Chlorides: ClAll chlorides, bromides and iodides are soluble. Example CaCl2 Note: Sb & Bi chlorides hydrolyze in water. Except: Ag, Hg(I) , Pb AgCl SbCl3 + H2O → SbOCl(s) + 2HCl e) Sulfates: SO42All sulfates are soluble. Except: Ba, Sr, Pb Example Mg(SO4) Ba(SO4)(s) Note: Ca (SO4) Ag2 (SO4), Hg2 (SO4) are slightly soluble in water. f) Salts of: Na+, K+, NH4+ All salts of sodium, potassium and ammonium are soluble Example NH4Br Note: Except: such compounds as K2NaCo(NO2)6, K2PtCl6, … g) Carbonates: CO32All carbonates are insoluble. Except: Na+, K+, NH4+ Example CaCO3(s) Na2CO3 Note: Magnesium carbonate is slightly soluble. Many hydrogen carbonates, such as Ca (HCO3)2 and Mg (HCO3)2, are soluble. h) Phosphates: PO43All phosphates are insoluble. Except: Na+, K+, NH4+ Example Ca3 (PO4)3 (s) (NH4)3(PO4) Note: hydrogen phosphates, such as Ca (H2PO4)2, are soluble. 2 I) Sulfides: S2All sulfides are insoluble. Except: Li+, Na+, K+, NH4+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Ba2+, Sr2+ Example PbS(s) Li2S Note: hydrogen phosphates, such as Ca (H2PO4)2, are soluble. j) Hydroxides: OHAll hydroxides are insoluble. Except: Na+, K+, NH4+, Ba2+ Example Ca(OH)2 (s) NaOH Note: Calcium and strontium hydroxides are slightly soluble. Magnesium hydroxide is only very slightly soluble k) Arsenates: AsO43All arsenates are insoluble. Example Zn3 (AsO4)2 (s) Note: 3 Except: Na+, K+, NH4+ K3AsO4

Solubility Rules

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