Intro Earth Science

Earth Science Semester 1 Exam Review Name: _________________________ Intro to Earth Science, Metric System, and Measurement 1. List and describe the 4 main branches of Earth Science. 2. Describe what kind of info goes into the observation part of a lab report vs. what kind of info goes into the analysis part of a lab report 3. Convert the following metric measurements: a) 34.9g  kg b) 0.52km  cm c) 230 mL  L 4. Identify the appropriate METRIC tool and METRIC unit for length, mass, and volume. 5. Calculate volume (mL) and density (g/mL) of an object using the following information: "A mineral has a mass of 30g. When carefully placed in a graduated cylinder of 63-mL water, the water level raises to 67-mL. " Solar System Motions 6. Describe a planet’s rotation, revolution, and precession (include time needed for each motion). 7. Describe 1 contribution that Ancient Greeks, Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, Newton each made. 8. Describe Kepler's law of ellipses, law of equal areas, and law of periods (laws of planetary motion). 9. Describe how Newton used gravity and inertia to explain a planet’s revolution/orbit. 10. Describe retrograde motion of a planet (include which planets retrograde from Earth). 11. Describe (draw) the relationship between Earth tilted axis and seasons (winter vs. summer). 12. List our Moon's period of rotation (days) and explain how that affects its surface temperature. 13. Explain what causes the Moon to appear as different phases during the month. Draw moon phases diagrams (both space-view and Earth-view). 14. Explain what causes a solar eclipse and a lunar eclipse to occur, + why they are rare. 15. Explain the cause of normal lunar tides. 16. Explain how spring and neap tides cause the height of high tides/low tides and height of low tides during the following moon phases: full moon, waxing crescent, 1st qtr. Spectroscopy/Big Bang Theory 17. Explain how a star's spectrum tells us its composition and also its temperature. 18. Sketch the visible light spectrum (ROYGBIV) and label changes in  and frequency. 19. Sketch the 7 parts of the EM spectrum (RMIVUXG) and label changes in  and frequency. 20. Define parallax and describe how it helps compare (relative) distances to stars. 21. Explain what a Doppler red shift tells us versus what a shift towards the blue end tells us. 22. Contrast what makes a statement a hypothesis, theory, or law. 23. Scientifically explain "Big Bang” theory, and describe 3 pieces of evidence that support it. Stellar Evolution & Our Sun 24. Describe the nebular theory explaining how our Sun and planets formed. 25. Describe key physical characteristics for the 3 main groupings on the H-R diagram: a. Main Sequence b. Red Giants c. White Dwarfs 26. Outline and describe each stage in the events in the life cycle of a less massive (Sun-like) star.     Nebula Protostar Main Sequence Red Giant   White Dwarf Planetary Nebula   Nova (event) Black Dwarf 27. Starting at Main Sequence, outline and describe events in the life of a more massive star.  Red Supergiant  Supernova  Neutron Star  Black Hole 28. Describe what makes nuclear fusion possible in a star's core. 29. Explain how fusion in main sequence stars differs from fusion in red giant stars. 30. Outline the activity that occurs in each of the 6 layers of the Sun. Core Rad Zone Conv Zone Photosphere Chromosphere Corona 31. Describe the cause of auroras on Earth. Where (latitudes) are they more commonly found? Earth Science Semester 1 Exam Review Name: _________________________ Intro to the Atmosphere 32. Explain the difference between weather and climate. 33. List (with %) the 2 main gases of Earth’s present atmosphere. 34. Describe the importance of 3 minor atmospheric components (water vapor, ozone, atmo. dust) 35. Describe the composition of a CFC, how it destroys ozone, and the effect at the Earth's surface. 36. Identify the 4 layers of Earth’s atmosphere from bottom to top. Explain why temperatures change in the troposphere and stratosphere. 37. Describe the processes of conduction, convection, and radiation. Explain how each process helps cause the daily heating of Earth’s troposphere. 38. Define albedo, and describe why different surface colors are warmer or cooler than others. 39. Describe how latitude, elevation, and maritime influence each control surface temperature. Water in the Atmosphere 40. Describe the processes of evaporation, condensation, freezing, and sublimation. 41. Define what humidity, relative humidity, and dew point temperature are. 42. Explain and describe the main conditions and ingredients needed for clouds to form. 43. Draw/describe stratus, cirrus, cumulus, nimbostratus, and cumulonimbus clouds. 44. Describe how morning fog forms causes (radiation and advection). 45. Describe the difference between the cloud forming processes of convective cooling, orographic lifting, and frontal wedging. (which occur most often in Michigan?) 46. Explain the different weather conditions on both sides of a mountain caused by rainshadow. Weather Forecasting and Severe Weather 47. Describe mT, cP, mP, and cT air masses that that affect the U.S., and where each forms. 48. Describe the movement of air near HIGH and LOW pressure centers. 49. Explain why Michigan has clearer skies with HIGH pressure than with LOW pressure. 50. Predict temperature and cloud changes as warm and cold fronts each approach. 51. Describe how an occluded front develops. 52. Describe how isobars can be used to indicate wind direction and wind speed. 53. Describe the ingredients needed for severe thunderstorm and tornado formation. 54. Explain the scientific cause of hail, lightning, and thunder. 55. Describe basic lightning safety steps to take in Michigan. 56. Explain what makes the south-central US (tornado alley) a prime location for tornadoes. 57. Describe hurricane formation, identify steering wind belts, and explain the reason for most hurricanes occurring in August/September. 58. Contrast what causes the most damage in tornadoes vs. hurricanes. Climate Change 59. Describe how pollen, tree rings, fossils, and ice cores each help study paleoclimate. 60. Describe causes the normal greenhouse effect vs. causes of the enhanced greenhouse effect. Describe the 4 main greenhouse gases responsible for the greenhouse effect. 61. Explain what has caused an increase in carbon dioxide and methane levels since 1850. 62. Describe both natural and human-based causes of climate change. 63. Describe effects warmer atmospheres have on the hydrosphere, biosphere, and geosphere. 64. Create an example where each of these sphere will interact in the Earth System.   Atmosphere & Hydrosphere Biosphere & Hydrosphere   Biosphere & Atmosphere Cryosphere & Hydrosphere