Information Systems Fundamentals: Artificial Intelligence

Amelia Rose Smith 231233678 CARNEGIE MELLON UNIVERSITY Information Systems Fundamentals : Artificial Intelligence 1. How do 5G NR and its release specifications from Release 15 to Release 18 support the need for robust, reliable, and low-latency communications, as well as related applications such as intelligent transportation systems (ITS) and V2X technology? The preceding discussion highlighted the need for robust, reliable, and low-latency communications, where 5G plays a key role. 5G NR is the global standard for unifed wireless communication with a higher data rate and support of threetypes of communication: enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), massive machine-type communication (mMTC), and ultra-reliable and low-latency communication(URLLC). Release 15 specifcation contains the initial description ofthe 5G. After that, the following specifcations, from Release16 to Release 18, address key elements for the deployment ofthese services, such as intelligent transportation system (ITS)that covers secure transportation services and solutions, vehicle to anything (V2X) technology that enables the ex-change of information, and URLLC that provides highlyreliable communication links. Release 16 focuses on very low latency and improvedreliability by increasing the monitoring frequency of thecontrol channel. These features are crucial for use cases thatrequire communication between multiple services, such as factory automation, power distribution, and the trans-portation industry. Meanwhile, Release 17 isdesigned to support use cases with high mobile data trafcand NR customization demanded by, e.g., automotive, logistics, and media. Release 18 will cover the area of AI/ML focused ondeploying applications centered on data collection andimproved mobility optimization, extended reality, and in-telligent network solutions. Furthermore, it will include Reduced Capability (RedCap) solutions for user equipment (UE), which will allow the user to reduce device cost andpower consumption by reducing the number of radio receivers and radio transmitters. Terefore, 5G technologies will enable the deployment of diferent V2X use cases, thanks to their higher bandwidth, ultra-low latency,and higher reliability. 2. What are some of the multifaceted consequences of traffic accidents worldwide, as highlighted by studies such as the tracking of road traffic accidents in the Rhône (ESPARR), considering both the physical and psychological impacts, as well as the socioeconomic ramifications on individuals and their families? Every year, trafficc accidents represent the leading cause of injury deaths worldwide, where 94% of the accidents are due to decisions on maneuvers made by drivers. One of the infuencing factors is the complex interaction on the road, while other factors include atmospheric conditions. Notably, in 2022, the European Union (EU) witnessed overtwenty thousand fatalities resulting from road accidents, underscoring the severity of the issue. A consequence ofthese traffic accidents is the physical efects, which can vary from an injury to the loss of life. In addition, there arepsychological and socio economic consequences. This is because the people involved in these accidents may manifest symptoms of depression and anxiety. For instance, the study conducted on the tracking of a population of road traffuc accidents in the Rhone (ESPARR) showed that if the accident causes a severe injury, there is a 32% probability ofstopping work for at least one year, so the family economy is affected. 3. What is the importance of latency in autonomous vehicles, and how does it affect their performance and decision-making processes? The importance of latency is that it directly impacts the performance of the autonomous vehicle as its decisions are based on the data received. Moreover, these decisions must be made immediately after the vehicle receives the in-formation. Therefore, if the data do not arrive in time, the vehicle will execute a maneuver with erroneous data, which can lead to an accident. Consequently, successful cooperation will contribute to preventing and reducing the number of accidents, gase missions, and traffic congestion, as well as saving fuel andmitigating environmental impact. For instance, Liu et al. conducted a study showing that, with full marketpenetration of autonomous vehicles, average energy con-sumption is reduced by 62%. However, Dikshit et al. conducted a study on AI-based traffic management systems, demonstrating that applying AI algorithms improves sustainable urban mobility. Within the study, they show the coordination of autonomous vehicles in Pittsburgh. With this, it is evident that their proposed al-gorithms allow for facilitating communication and co-ordination among vehicles. In addition, Jafar et al. showed an in-depth study on how the application of multi vehicle cooperation algorithms can signifcantly reducetravel times and, at the same time, reduce accidents leadingto multiple collisions, as these types of accidents cause up to50% of urban traffic congestion