Simulating The Use Of Blockchain In Internet

Article Study Case SIMULATING THE USE OF BLOCKCHAIN IN INTERNET OF THINGS NETWORK SECURITY USING PIN EMULATOR: PUBLIC BLOCKCHAIN MODEL Amelia Rose Smith Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA ameliaroses2019@gmail.com Abstract Keywords: SIMULATING, BLOCKCHAIN, INTERNET OF THINGS, NETWORK SECURITY, PIN EMULATOR, PUBLIC BLOCKCHAIN MODEL INTRODUCTION The Internet of Things (IoT) is a number of devices capable of collecting and transmitting data between sensors without the need for human assistance. However, the nature of IoT is that it can be accessed from anywhere and at any time, so this can pose a threat to its security. Security breaches may be difficult to detect, as they have a variety of patterns. The cause of security threats can be caused by improper network configuration. The principles of network security system aspects generally consist of three things: availability, confidentiality, and integrity. So a secure model for sending data between sensors is needed. AMELIA ROSE SMITH 1 Amelia Rose Smith Blockchain is a technology that is able to answer the three security requirements needed, namely availability, confidentiality and integrity. Blockchain is a new technology whose initial application was in bitcoin, which continues to grow rapidly in this decade. Blockchain is basically a distributed database system that stores transactional data secured by cryptography. In addition, it uses cryptography when processing and verifying a transaction process. Encryption and encoding of data in blockchain increases transparency, efficiency and trust in sharing data and information. In several fields, blockchain technology has influenced and provided benefits in agriculture, health, pharmaceuticals, economics, industry and other fields. Especially in the field of technology, namely networks for IoT and sensors. Where IoT management and organization uses private blockchain. The security system proposes a private blockchain-based access control that involves using a private blockchain to provide basic security that cannot be manipulated. This presents a challenge in providing security and solutions to IoT network problems. In this research, we try to build an IoT security simulation, where the security system uses blockchain technology by taking the public blockchain pattern. Application access is built using the Visual Studio Code text editor and controlled using a GPIO pin emulator. The GPIO pin emulator has functions to read pin status, set/delete pins, and execute callbacks after pin interrupts. In our research, we observe each pin in performing data transactions. Python already provides a GPIO emulator pin package that is ready to use by installing using pip. Therefore, in this study, we used the GPIO pin emulator because it is readily available for use. In addition, this emulator is widely used in other research compared to other emulators that are still rarely used. For the blockhain and IoT integration pattern, it utilizes the asset to blockchain integration pattern. The program built is then run on a private network then the user can see the status of each pin on the command line and also on the emulator. This kind of research has been done before: the research conducted by Puri et al. (2021) resulted in a proposed approach to show satisfactory performance and performance related to bandwidth and power consumption. In our research, we have AMELIA ROSE SMITH 2 Article Study Case similarities with the research conducted by Puri et al. where we want to see the performance of power consumption. But in our research we will also look at transactions and block time when transactions are performed. In addition, research by Baccelli et al. (2018) resulted in the availability of an open source operating system for Low-end Embedded devices in IoT such as RIOT. In this research using GPIO as a micro controller. In our research, we use GPIO emulator pins but we also integrate GPIO with a web-based controller so that users can use a controller that is easier to understand to provide interrupts to the pins on the emulator. The use of blockchain in IoT security simulation through pin emulator is to evaluate the security feasibility before the actual deployment is done. In addition, we use the simulator to simulate the leader, server, and device to generate and send transactions. By using blockchain, devices can collect and exchange data with servers, other devices, and other platforms. The advantages of blockchain to improve IoT systems are: decentralization, collective verification and tamper resistance, personal security, speed, cost savings, and smart contracts. In this research, we adopt a public blockchain model, where every user who has internet access and application access can perform transactions on each connected application by controlling the GPIO emulator pin (turning on or turning off) through a smart contract. That way, users can control the application connected to the emulator pin. In addition, this research uses the Ethereum network which is included in the testing network that we can use without any transaction fees that need to be paid. The basis for using the public blockchain model in this research is because it is anonymous. Although the data used is stored on the puclic blockchain network, it is transparent or can be seen by other parties. However, the identity of each user who sends or receives transaction data cannot be known by other parties. RESEARCH METHODS A. Blockchain Model AMELIA ROSE SMITH 3 Amelia Rose Smith The use of blockchain for security refers to a set of decentralized miners running a secure consensus protocol. Consensus on a distributed blockchain that cannot be trusted can be considered a Byzantine Generals Problem (BGP). If this happens, the programmer is then responsible for revalidating the new block and distributing it through the established network. In this research, we use the Proof of Stake (PoS) consensus mechanism. PoS is used for proof of stake of crypto assets in Ethereum. Table 1 shows a comparison of existing consensus protocols on the blockchain (Panarello et al., 2018). In addition to maintaining a global public ledger for the balance of each pseudonym, blockchain can also execute programs that have been created and specified by users. Such as time, public state, message delivery, pseudonym, correctness and availability. Table 1. Comparison of Consensus Protocols on Blockchain Category B. Blockchain and IoT Integration Patterns There are four patterns of integration between blockchain and IoT that can be used. Its use depends on the needs of each user. Figure 1 is an overview of the integration pattern and IoT, consisting of four commonly used integration patterns. The form of integration always starts from the assets categorized in the field, then integrated with the network through the IoT cloud or gateway/fog. Then it continues to the next stage, which is the backend. Of the four patterns, our research uses integration pattern number 4, namely Asset → Blockchain. In this case, the assets in the application program that has been created will be directly connected to the blockchain. AMELIA ROSE SMITH 4 Article Study Case Figure 1. Blockchain and IoT Integration Patterns C. Program Planning The program created is run using a GPIO emulator, terminal (Command Prompt on Windows) and also a controller for a website-based pin for the interface. The interface design can be seen in Figure 2. CMD to run the python application and view transactions/actions after executing the Pin (On/Off) CMD to run ganache-cli (blockchain emulator) for private network Through the design that has been done, the schematic flow chart of this research can be seen (Figure 3). In this research flow chart, it can be seen that when the process has started, the first thing to do is run ganache-cli. AMELIA ROSE SMITH 5 Amelia Rose Smith Start run the blockchain emulator (ganache-cli) Open Controller run truffke compile (windows) run pin (on/off) run the Python application Success run No Yes Python terminals and applications display transaction history Success run Finish Figure 3. Schematic Flow Diagram Then, run truffle compile (Windows), then run the Python application. If it doesn't work, then try running the Python application again. If the Python application runs successfully, then the user can continue by opening the controller and running the pin (on/off). If the pin is not successfully executed, then reopen the controller or refresh the controller. If the pin is successfully executed, then each terminal will display the history of transactions that took place and the process is complete. Device requirements and programming languages in this study can be seen in table 2. Table 2. Device requirements and programming languages No Device Category 1 Windows build tools Source code compiler AMELIA ROSE SMITH 6 Article Study Case 2 GPIO emulator Emulator to read I/O 3 Flask Web Frameworks 4 Web3 Web application media 5 Python Programming Languages 6 HTML Create a page structure 7 CSS Set the display 8 JavaScript Programming language RESULTS AND DISCUSSION To create this program, we used the Visual Studio Code text editor and used the source code found on Salman Dabbakuti's Github account, but we also made modifications to the controller using our design. The program that has been made, then run on a private network and users can see the status of each pin on the command line and also on the emulator. Basically, the result will display the status of a particular pin on the blockchain and then activate the corresponding pin configuration A. Configuration File Configuration metadata defines a high-level workflow and interaction model for blockchain applications. The configuration that is performed is contained in a JSON file (PatAltimore, 2022). There are two types of files, namely home automation and migrations in our research. The role of the configuration performed is to define the actions that occur in the blockchain. In this case there will be a request - response scenario. B. Smart Contract Code Files In smart contracts, Ethereum uses Solidity as a programming language to write logic. Smart contracts in Solidity files are almost object-oriented. In our program, there are two contract files, Migrations and Pin Control. AMELIA ROSE SMITH 7 Amelia Rose Smith 1. Pragma Version The pragma version we use is pragma solidity ^0.5.0. This version is good enough and suitable for our research. Solidity is an object-oriented programming language used to write smart contracts and implement them. 2. Code Migrations.sol Truffle requires users to have a migration contract. In the contracts folder there is a migrations.sol file. Then in the migrations folder there is a 1_initial_migration.js file that sends the migrations.sol contract to the Ethereum blockchain. The following is the source code of the migrations.sol file: 3. Code pinControl.sol For the next contract, there is a pinControl.sol file which is useful for pin contracts. The following is the source code of the pinControl.sol file. C. Python Application File AMELIA ROSE SMITH 8 Article Study Case For the application, we use the Python programming language because it provides the various libraries needed. The demo program uses a program that does not use keys and we also provide an application file that requires the use of private keys. D. Pin Controller In controlling each pin on the emulator, we create a website-based controller with Front-End built with HTML, CSS and Javascript languages. In making this controller is also assisted by using the Bootstrap framework. The interface of the controller that has been made can be seen in Figure 4. AMELIA ROSE SMITH 9 Amelia Rose Smith Figure 4. Website-Based Pin Controller Interface E. Program Demonstration Results 1. Instantiate ganache-cli private network At the beginning of the demonstration, the first thing we did was run ganache-cli private network on the terminal (in this case we used the command prompt on the Windows operating system). When run, it will display 10 available accounts and 10 private keys that can be used. In addition, the terminal also displays the gas price, gas limit, call gas limit, and also runs on port: 8545. 2. Compile contract After running ganache-cli, then run truffle compile (for Windows operating systems) at the command prompt. This is done to compile the contracts in the contracts directory and build artifacts in the build directory. 3. Run the Python application Then, run the Python application that does not use the private key to test (public) on the private network. After deploying contracts on a AMELIA ROSE SMITH 10 Article Study Case private network, we can see the status of each pin in the command line and on the emulator. After the Python application has been run, the transaction will start counting. 4. Turn on or off the pin Users can turn on or off pins through the controller. In this simulation, we try to turn on pin 14 and pin 18. After turning on pin 14 and pin 18 via the controller, the pin status on the GPIO emulator changes, which can be seen in Figure 5. In the emulator you can see the color change and the pin status changes to 1 Figure 5. Pin status in the emulator has changed Then, the user can also view the transaction details of pin 14 and pin 18 that have been turned on. Figure 6 is the transaction details displayed through the terminal. For transaction details we can see it through the terminal running ganache-cli, transaction details show transaction, gas usage, block number, and block time. As explained in the previous blockchain model, the transaction details can see the time, public state, message delivery, pseudonym, correctness and availability. But it cannot see the real identity of the user and the data sent or received cannot be known by other parties because the data has been encrypted into a code and can only be known by the sender or recipient. In the pin status, the logic contained in the application is 0 and 1, 0 means the pin is off and 1 means the pin is on. AMELIA ROSE SMITH 11 Amelia Rose Smith Figure 6. Transaction details when pins 14 and 18 are turned on F. Discussion This research requires a data transmission scheme that is easy to understand or understand, and requires data that can be reported with a hash value on the data and recorded on the blockchain network. In the controller section, it is necessary to add a feature when the turning on or off button is clicked, the button can change color, so that the controller can see more clearly the pin that is turned on or off. This research has a methodology that is not significant enough so that it is necessary to combine other methodologies in order to find novelty research that is different from other studies. In addition, this research still has shortcomings for calculation and analysis. So for future research, it is hoped that it can measure comparisons and calculations in the use of blockchain in a study. CONCLUSION AMELIA ROSE SMITH 12 Article Study Case The conclusion of this research is that the implementation of blockchain on IoT devices can increase data security when transactions are carried out because it is anonymous, cannot see the original identity of the user and the data sent or received cannot be known by other parties because the data that has been encrypted into a code and can only be known by the sender or recipient. So that important data contained on the device can avoid various threats carried out by unwanted parties. In this research, the blockchain implementation takes place by using a controller to control all the pins on the emulator. So that when the pin is turned on or off, it will display the transaction history on each terminal. References AMELIA ROSE SMITH 13 Amelia Rose Smith AMELIA ROSE SMITH 14 Article Study Case AMELIA ROSE SMITH 15 Amelia Rose Smith AMELIA ROSE SMITH 16 Article Study Case AMELIA ROSE SMITH 17 Amelia Rose Smith AMELIA ROSE SMITH 18