Criminal Justice: Chapters 4 & 5 Vocabulary

CRIMINAL JUSTICE Chapters 4 & 5 Vocabulary Chapter 4 1 ○ Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI): The main federal law enforcement agency in the United States, which operates under the Department of Justice and deals with domestic crime that crosses state lines, as well as some types of significant crime within the states, such as terrorism ○ Frankpledge system: an early form of English government that divided communities into groups of 10 men who were responsible for the group’s conduct and ensured that a member charged with breaking the law appeared in court ○ Hue and cry: In early England, the alarm that cities were required to raise upon the witness or discovery of a criminal offense ○ Legalistic style: A mode of policing that emphasizes enforcement of the letter of the law ○ Metropolitan Police Act Created in 1829- Sponsored in 1829 by Sir Robert Peel, it was the first successful bill to create a permanent, public police force ○ Neighborhood Watch- A community policing program that encounters residents to cooperate in providing security for the neighborhood ○ Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act - Law that established federal government positions would be awarded on the basis of merit rather than political affiliation ○ Problem-oriented policing: A style of policing that attempts to address the underlying social problems that contribute to crime by integrating research and scientific problem-solving strategies to analyze the instances of crime with the goa, of developing more effective response strategies ○ Service style: A mode of policing that is concerned primarily with serving the community and citizens ○ Thames River Police: A private police force created by the West India Trading Company in 1798 that represented the first professional, salaried police force in London ○ Watch-and-ward system: An early English system overseen by the constable in which a watchman guarded a city’s or town’s gates at night ○ Watchman style: A mode of policing that emphasizes that maintenance of order and informal intervention on the part of the police officer rather than strict enforcement of the law ○ Wickersham Commission: The 14-volume report published in 1931 and 1932, which was the first comprehensive national study of U.S. crime and law enforcement ○ Zero-tolerance policing: A form of policing that punishes every infraction of the law, however minor, with an arrest, fine, or other penalty so that offenders will refrain from, committing more serious offenses Chapter 5 2 ○ Actual-seizure stop - An incident in which police officers physically restrain a person and restrict his or her freedom ○ Authority - The right and the power to commit an act or order others to commit an act ○ Discretion - The power of a criminal justice official to make decisions on issues within legal guidelines ○ Grabbable Area - The area under the control of an individual during an arrest in an automobile ○ Probable Cause - A reason based on known facts to think that a law has been broken or that a property is connected to a criminal offense ○ Procedural Law - Law that specifies how the criminal justice system is allowed to deal with those who break the law ○ Racial Profiling - Suspicion of illegal activity based on a person’s race ethnicity, or national origin rather than on actual illegal activity or evidence of illegal activity ○ Reasonable Stop Standard- A supreme court measure that considers constitutionally on whether a reasonable person would feel free to terminate an encounter with the law enforcement personnel 3 ○ Reasonable Suspicion - A suspicion based on facts or circumstances that justifies stopping and sometimes searching an individual thought to be involved in illegal activity ○ Search - An investigation of an area and/or person by a police officer to look for evidence of criminal activity ○ Seizure - The collecting by police officers of potential evidence in a criminal offense ○ Show-of-Authority Stop - An incident in which police show a sign of authority (such as flashing a badge), and the suspect submits ○ Stop - A temporary detention that legally is a seizure if an individual and must be based on reasonable suspicion ○ Stop-and-Frisk - A term that describes two distinct behaviors on the part of law enforcement officers in dealing with suspects. To conduct a lawful frisk, the stop itself must meet the legal conditions of a seizure. A frisk constitutes a search ○ Visibility - A term that refers to the fact that police work is easily observed by the public and that police are accountable to the public, police supervisors, and legislatures