Plate Tectonics Study Guide Answer Key

Plate Tectonics Study Guide: Goals 1-4: KEY Use this “key” to check the answers on your study guide. Remember, answers do not need to match word-for-word, but the ideas should be the same. Your answer should have the same level of detail that the key shows, too. Goal 1: Describe the Shrinking Earth Theory. Explain how new ideas and technology combined to replace it with the Theory of Plate Tectonics. 1. According to the “Shrinking Earth Theory”, why was the Earth’s surface “wrinkled”. The Earth started off as a molten ball. As the ball cooled, it shrank and wrinkles formed. The theory stated that the mountains on Earth are the wrinkles 2. What major predictions did the “Shrinking Earth Theory” make about mountains, earthquakes, and volcanoes? Mountains would be spread evenly on Earth’s surface. Volcanoes and Earthquakes would randomly occur. (Random = no visible pattern.) 3. Describe how technology was used to prove that the predictions of the “Shrinking Earth Theory” were incorrect. -seismographs: seismographs showed earthquakes mostly occur at the edges of continents or in the center of oceans instead of randomly. (They also showed that part of Earth’s core is liquid.) -GPS: showed not all mountains are growing taller. Goal 2: Describe Alfred Wegener’s Theory of Continental Drift. Explain the evidence he used to support his theory and tell why it was not accepted. 4. According to Alfred Wegener’s theory of Continental Drift, what causes mountains to form on Earth’s surface? The continents were once joined together in a single landmass (Pangaea). The landmass broke up and the continents are slowly moving around on the surface of the Earth. When they collide, mountains are created. 5. What evidence did Alfred Wegener use to try to prove the theory of Continental drift was correct?
Shape of continents (they fit together)
Locations of mountains (along edges),
Plant/animal fossils (found on different continents)
Evidence of climate change (ancient glaciers on different continents), 6. Why didn’t other scientists accept the theory of Continental Drift? Wegener could not explain what caused the continents to move around, so other scientists rejected his theory. Goal 3: Describe the properties and composition of the crust, mantle, and core. 7. What evidence did scientists use to figure out what the inside of the Earth was like? (2) They used observations from rock samples and seismic waves from earthquakes. Crust: 8. What is its thickness and state of matter? Thickness = between 3-40 miles); solid 9. Where is the crust the thickest? At the continents/mountains/ continental crust 10. Where it the crust the thinnest? At the oceans/oceanic crust Mantle: 11. What is its total thickness? The mantle’s total thickness is about 1,800 miles thick 12. Tell what forms the lithosphere and what its “state of matter” is. It includes the crust and upper mantle- it is solid; “rigid” 13. Describe the lithosphere: Same answer as number 12. Also, this is the part that gets dragged along due to convection currents moving in the mantle. 14. Describe the asthenosphere: There is increased heat and pressure at this layer. The rocks are solid but “plastic”. They can flow. This is where convection currents take place. Core: 15. Tell what the inner and outer cores are made of. Describe the difference between the two layers. Both are made of mostly iron and nickel. The inner core is solid; outer core is liquid Goal 4: Tell what convection currents are and where they occur. Explain how they cause lithospheric plates to move across Earth’s surface. 16. Where are convection currents located? In the asthenosphere, which is a layer of the mantle 17. Describe how convection currents work. (Begin at the core and tell what happens when the materials heat and then cool). Material near the core get heated, become less dense, and start to rise. When the material hits the crust, it either goes through it to reach the surface or is deflected to the side, where it slides along under the crust/lithosphere and drags it along. When the material cools, it becomes more dense and drops towards the core again. Then the cycle repeats. 18. Tell how the currents move the pieces of the crust around on the surface of the Earth. As the material slides under the crust, it drags the crust along with it, causing it to move.