Inorganic Chemistry Study Documents

Inorganic CHEMISTRY What is Inorganic Chemistry? the chemistry of hydrocarbon compounds and their derivatives *Organic Chemistry * Enorganic chemistry the chemistry of chemical compounds except the carbon group contrast with organic chemistry In both areas, single, double, and tripte covalent bonds are found. What is it? +Sub-frelds: main-group, coordination chemistry, organometallic, bioinorganic Physical inorganic, neavy-metals, trans-uranium + Inorganic compounds com contain quadrupte bonds! (sigma + pirpi + delta bond) [Clare Recl] Carbon movximum nuber of connections = 4 Inorganic carbon is found in carbon cluster compounds in bridging. alkyl groups INDRGANIC CHEMISTRY VERSUL EBORGANIC CHEMISTRY deals w/ inorganic compounds. typically those that have ionic base an deals w/ organic compounds made of hydrocarbons includes acid-bare reactions, displacement reactions, redox reactions, etc. includes reactions that depend on the Functional group present on the compound • Mainly deals w/ salts and crystals • Deals w/ oils, fats, sugars, etc. Have highrer melting points and degrade instead of looiling mett and boil easily mineral in nature biological • contain metal atoms INORGANIC GENERAL RULES hometimes contain carloon EXEMPTIONS TO THE RULES CONFUSING BITS: *For historical reasons, a few types of carken containing compounds such as card des carbonates, simpte oxutes of carbon (such as co and cow), and cyanides, as wen as the alotropes of carlam such as diamond and graphite are considered inorganic. The distinction between "organic" and "Inorganic carben compounds, white nuseful in organbing the vast allbject of chemistry....is sonrashat arbitrary many do not include carben not associated w/ living argariisms Examples: Oxygen (OrD rable salt or sodium Chloride, Naci • Carbon dioxide, com ✓ Diamond (pure carbon) ORGANIC ERMERAL RUVES Always contain carbon • Most contain carbon hydrogen lands • most always assogated w/ living organisme Exaripres • Glucose (CcHnO4) • Carbon Tetrachloride (Ca) • Urea [CO(NH2)2] 1) what elements are all living things made of? - Oxygen Carbon - Phosphorus Nitrogen Hydrogen 2.7 what do organic molecutes have in common? - Carbon & Hydrogen what do inorganic motecutes have in commen? Have Cor H or neither, but never both at the same time HISTORY OF INORGANIC CHEMIKTIer ANCIENT rimers THHEDUGAL ALCHEMY Many chemical reactions were used and their products are applied to dally life. -Colored glasses & ceramic glazes were introduced alchemy was active in China, Egypt other centers of civilization - alchemists wanted to change base metals into gold - gumponiter was used in Chinese pireworks THH CENTURY: -Mineral addr (HCI, HNO, H₂SO₄), salts, and their reactions, acld and bases were known Quantitative work of chemical reactions became important, atomic moteallare weights were determined. - 1869: Mendeteer & Meyer propose different forms of the periodic tabre; the concepts of atorms & motecures were well-established. •LATE 1900: -The chemical industry is in the form of Factories for purifying salts and for Amelting & repining metalls 1896 Henry Becquerel discovered radioactivity which operred another area of study like atomic structure, quantum mechanics nuctear Chemistry) 20TH CENTURY Werner and Jorgensen studied coordination chemistry of transition metals & discovered a number of organometallic compounds Inorganic chemists worked on military projects during wwn manhattan project (chemists developed the Fission bomb) • 1960s: -Crystal freld theory; ligand field theery, motecular orbital theory 1956 organs Organometallic compounds were discovered that could catalyze the polymerization of ethylene MODERN ISQUES Bioinorganic chemistry (nitrogen Fixation), modeling biochemical process, enzymes, x-ray crystallography were developed rapidly nanochemistry, manipulation of nencovatent interactions REACTIONS IN AQUだわりる YOU川プIONS A solution is a homogenous mixture of 2 or more substances. The solute is the Gulostances present in a smaller amount The solvent is the substance present in a larger amount. savent SOLUTE Loft drink (1) H₂O Gugar, CD Air (9) N₂ On, Ar, Chy Goft Goader (4) an Plo An Electrolyte is a substance that, when dissolved in water, results in a solution that can conduct electricity. All jeonic compounds that are soluble in waren. a) nonelectrolyte solution does not contain ions, and the lightbulb is not lit. 6) A weak electrolyte solution contains a small number of ions and the lightbulb is dimly lit. atrong electrolyte solution contains a large number of ions, and the lightloullo is brightly lit. • conduct electricity in saution? cations (+) and anions (-). Strong Electronte - 100% dissociation Naci Na (aq) + C (aq) weak Bectrolyte. not completely dissociated CHCOOH CH₂COO (aq) + H+ (aq) Nometectrolyte No cations (+) and anions (-) In sonitioni cotton cutta Obla * Golid Nach, an ionic compound, breaks up Into Noat and cl" ions when it dissolves in water. The Na ions are attracted to the negative electrode, and the ci ions to the positive electronte. This mortment gets up an electric current that is equivalent to the Flow of electrons along a metal wire... Ionization of acetic acid: CHOCOOH (2) CH₂COD (aq) + H+ (aq) effe acetic acid is a weak eretrayte be its lonization in water is incomprete A reversible reaction occurs in both direction. (こ) HYDRATION the process in which an ien is surrounded by water molecules arranged in a specific mariner. IONIZATIM Separation of acids bases into ions CLASSIFICATION OF COLUTES IN AQUEOUS saution WE NONELECTROLY CHCOOH (NH4)2CO (urea) HNO HOIO (methanol HF HND CHOH (ethanol) H₂SO NH (gricose) NaDH HO (sucrose) Ionic compounds +H₂SO₄ has two ionizable It lons Pure water is an extremely weak etcarolyte NO: TYPES OF REACTION THAT OCCURS IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION: •Precipitation Reactions results in the Formation of an insoluble product, or precipitate > usually innove ionic compounds. •precipitate insolute solid that separates prom solution EXAMPLE: precipitate MES PO (NO) (O) + 2NaI can) PbI2 (4) + 2NONO (aq) IE: Pb2+ 2NO + 2Nat+21 PbI₂ (5) + 2Na+ 2NO NES PbI2 (5) Nat & NO are spectator ions > Moleculare Equation. the pormulas of the compounds are written as thought all species existed as motecutes or whote units. > Lonic Equation. shows dissaved species as proeiens. > Net Ionic Equation Shon's only the species that actually take part in the reaction. • SOLUBILITY the maximum amount of solute that will dissolve in a given quantity of solvent at a specific temperature, NO SOLUBILITY RULES FOR common ionic compounds IN WATER AT 25°C SOLUBLE COMPOUNDS EXCEPTIONS • compounds CONTAINING ALKALI METAL IONS (Lit, Na, K, Rb, Cs) and THE Ammonjum IlEN (NH4) "NITRATES (NOS), BICARBONOTES (HCO), AND CHIDRATES (10%) HALIDES (CI", Br", [ HAUDES OF Ag+, Hg, Pb SULFATES OF Agt, Ca, Sr, •GULFATES (SD) BA Ba2+, Hg 4 P64 INSCLUBUE LOMPOUNDS •CARBONATES (CO), PHOSPHATES (PO) CHROMATTS (Cro), SULPIDES (5) HYDROXIDES (OH) COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ALKALU METAL IONS THE Ammonium jon COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ALKALI METAL lone 4 THE Bart ion WRITING Net IONIC equation 4. Write the balanced molecular equation 2. Write the ionic equation showing the strong electrolytes completely discociated into cations and anίσης. Cancel the spectator ions on both sides of the ionic equation 1. Check thest charges and number of atoms are balanced in the net ionic equation. Ex. Writing the equation for a Preapstation Reaction Problem: In an insoluble product Formed whren aqueous solutions of potassium chromate and wilver nitrate are mixed. Write tree balance equation. Strategy: Determine the formulas from the names of the reactants. • Determine the formulas for the cations & anions making up the reactants. • Write Formulas for the products in this reaction by exchanging cations and anions and determine whether either product in insoluble. • Write and balance the equation. Solution: The reactants are silver nitrate and potassium chromate. The possible products of the exchange reaction are Gilver Chromate (Ag:CrO4) and potassiom nitrate (KNO), Based on the solubility guidelines, we know that silver chromate is an insoluble compound (chromated are insohibre except for these w/ group 14 metals), whereas potassiunt nitrate is comble in water. A precipitate of silver chromate will trerefore form if these reactants are mixed. 2 AgNOm (aq) + Ke Croy (aq) Ag₂(ro₄ (5) + KND, lag) 2Ag+ + 2NO + 2x + croy² 2 →AGH AgroNO acid-Base Reactions > Acids → Have a sour taste. Vinegar owes its tacte to acetic acid. Citrus fruits contain citric acid. → Cause color changes in plant djes. → react w/ certain metals to produce hydrogen gas. 2HCl (aq) + Mg (s) MgCl2 (99) + H₂ (g) → react w/ carbonates and bicarbonates to produce carbon dioxide gas. 2HCl (aq) + Cacom (5) → CaCl₂ (aq) + CO₂ (g) + H₂O (2) → Aqueous acid solutions conduct electricity > Bases → Have a bitter taste. Feel Slippery, many soaps contain bases Cause color change in plant diyes. → Aqueous base solutions conduct electricity Arrheiuc acid is a substanice that produces H⁺ (HD) in water -10 + HI+ * Arrhenius base is a AKD substance that produces Off in water HO + NH + H₂O NH Hydronium ion, hydrated proton, HDT * A Bronsted acid is a proten doner (must contain at reast one ionizable proton) A Bronsted base is a proton acceptor NH+ H₂Oさ (base) (acid) NH + 4 (acid) TOH (base) awedish Chemist, Svante Arrhenlus