University:
College
Course:
College Psychology
Academic year:

2019
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227

Pages:

47
Author:

komolecjm

WHS AP Psychology Sensation, Perception and States of Consciousness Gestalt Principles Perceptual Constancies Basic Principles Visual Illusions Depth Perception Perception Sensation Vision Theories The Eye Pain Other Senses Taste Hearing The Ear Smell Theories Stages/REM Meditation Circadian Rhythm Disorders Hidden Observer Dream s Sleep Altered States Daydreaming and Fantasy Hypnosis We are here States of Consciousness Drug-Altered Consciousnes s Stimulants Waking Consciousness Substance Abuse Depressants Hallucinogens Actor How does sleep work? 1. decreasing light 2. hypothalamus' suprachiastmatic nucleus stimulates the pineal gland 3. increase production of melatonin 4. Sleep Circadian Rhythm Circadian Rhythms • Circadian rhythms are physical, mental and behavioral changes that follow a roughly 24-hour cycle, responding primarily to light and darkness in an organism's environment. They are found in most living things, including animals, plants and many tiny microbes. • The "master clock" that controls circadian rhythms consists of a group of nerve cells in the brain called the suprachiasmatic nucleus, or SCN. The SCN contains about 20,000 nerve cells and is located in the hypothalamus, an area of the brain just above where the optic nerves from the eyes cross. • Jet lag is the disruption and re-shifting of your circadian rhythms. Sleep Stages Measuring sleep: About every 90 minutes, we pass through a cycle of five sleep stages. Hank Morgan/ Rainbow I. Awake & Alert During strong mental engagement, the brain exhibits low amplitude and fast, irregular beta waves (15-30 cps). An awake person involved in a conversation shows beta activity. We will also see Beta waves during REM sleep! Beta Waves – It’s BETA to be awake! II. Awake but Relaxed (Sleep onset) When an individual closes his eyes but remains awake, his brain activity slows down to a large amplitude and slow, regular alpha waves (9-14 cps). A meditating person exhibits an alpha brain activity. Sleep Stages 1-2 • N1 Sleep – – – – Loss of awareness but still responsive to external stimuli Theta waves appear Hallucination hypnagogic sensations (Sensation of falling or floating) • N2 Sleep – less responsive to external environment – Sudden high amplitude brain waves Sleep spindles & K Complex N2 IV. N3 Sleep • Stage 3 – Delta waves – Deepest level of normal sleep – Almost a total lack of awareness 90-Minute During Sleep With each Cycles 90-minute cycle, stage 4 sleep decreases and the duration of REM sleep increases. V. REM Sleep (Rapid Eye Movement) After reaching the deepest sleep stage (N3), the sleep cycle starts moving backward towards stage 1. Although still asleep, the brain engages in low- amplitude, fast and regular beta waves (15-40 cps) much like awake-aroused state. A person during this sleep exhibits Rapid Eye Movements (REM) and reports vivid dreams. Paradoxical Sleep = REM Sleep • REM Sleep – The Cortex is very active! – Beta waves on EEG – Dreams occur during this stage – REM sleep is associated with long-term memory • rem sleep deprivation led to interference of memory – Muscle Paralysis – Brain stem blocks signals – Genital Arousal Infants: 16 Hours (half of it is REM) Ages 5-13: 10 Hours (+2 Hours of REM) 20s: 7.5-8 Hours (2 Hours of REM) +50: 6 Hours (Less than 2 Hours of REM) Why do we sleep? Jose Luis Pelaez, Inc./ Corbis We spend one-third of our lives sleeping. If an individual remains awake for several days, they deteriorate in terms of immune function, memory, concentration, emotional control and accidents. Sleep Deprivation • Immune system is compromised – Sick • Loss of cognitive functions – Higher chances of accidents (car accidents) – Poor memory & concentration • Loss of emotional control • The brain is unable to clear cellular waste • Skin deterioration • Craving for food (sugars and carbs) REM Rebound • When you are sleep deprived you lose out on two types of sleep, REM and NREM (nonREM). Typically when you have a chance to fall asleep after sleep deprivation you have a tendency to get more REM sleep than you would normally get. • This is your body's way of trying to catch up on its REM sleep. • Can be observed in almost all mammals – (Biological function) Sleep Theories/ Functions 1. Sleep Protects: (Adaptive Theory) Sleeping in the darkness when predators loomed about kept our ancestors out of harm’s way. 2. Sleep Recuperates: (Repair Theory) Sleep helps restore and repair brain tissue. 3. Sleep Helps Remembering: Sleep restores and rebuilds our fading memories. 4. Sleep and Growth: During sleep, the pituitary gland releases growth hormone. Older people release less of this hormone and sleep less. Sleep Disorders • Insomnia – Difficulty falling asleep or remaining asleep – Affects about 35 million Americans – May be related to stress, depression, medication – Can also be caused by noise, temperature, or trying to sleep in a new environment Sleep Disorders • Narcolepsy – Suddenly falling asleep without warning during waking hours – Narcoleptics often experience loss of muscle tone as well – May also drop into REM sleep immediately, causing hallucinations – Likely caused by a central nervous system defect Sleep Disorders • Sleep Apnea – Person stops breathing momentarily during sleep (it wakes them up) – Associated with obesity – Affects about 10 to 12 million Americans – Sudden Infant Death Syndrom (SIDS) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TgC_S09Xe a4 Sleep Disorders • Sleepwalking and Sleep talking – Somnambulism – Usually occurs during Stage 4 sleep – sitting up in bed, walking to a bathroom, and cleaning, or as hazardous as cooking, driving, violent gestures, grabbing at hallucinated objects, or even homicide! – More common in children (boys) Sleep Disorders (parasomnia) • Nightmares – Unpleasant dreams that can cause a strong emotional response from the mind, typically fear but also despair, anxiety and great sadness – Mostly occurs during REM sleep • Night terrors – Episodes of fright that occur during stages 3 or 4 of NREM sleep – Person may sit up or scream, but likely will not recall the episode in the morning – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bSVwmSzxKtU Sleep Disorders • REM Behavior Disorder – Body fails to paralyze during REM sleep. – Sleepwalk with me • Sleep Paralysis – Body fails to undo the paralysis briefly upon walking. – Hallucinations Sleep Disorders • Narcolepsy – Suddenly falling asleep without warning during waking hours – Narcoleptics often experience loss of muscle tone as well – May also drop into REM sleep immediately, causing hallucinations – Likely caused by a central nervous system defect Not a sleep disorder… but still important! The cocktail party effect is the phenomenon of the brain's ability to focus one's auditory attention (an effect of selective attention in the brain) on a particular stimulus while filtering out a range of other stimuli Butterfly dream Once upon a time, I, Zhuangzi, dreamt I was a butterfly, fluttering hither and thither, to all intents and purposes a butterfly. I was conscious only of my happiness as a butterfly, unaware that I was Zhuangzi. Soon I awaked, and there I was, veritably myself again. Now I do not know whether I was then a man dreaming I was a butterfly, or whether I am now a butterfly, dreaming I am a man. Dream Findings 1. Negative Emotional Content: 8 out of 10 dreams have negative emotional content. 2. Failure Dreams: People commonly dream about failure, being attacked, pursued, rejected, or struck with misfortune. 3. Sexual Dreams: Contrary to our thinking, sexual dreams are sparse. Sexual dreams in men are 1 in 10; and in women 1 in 30. 4. Dreams of Gender: Women dream of men and women equally; men dream more about men than women. Dreaming is weird – let’s understand this better. I. Psychodynamic Theory -- Freud Wish-fulfillment • Suppressing antisocial urges and desires • Libido (life/sex drive) and Thanatos (death/aggression) • Dreams provide a psychic “safety valve” to discharge unacceptable feelings from the Id. • manifest (what is showing) content -- your story of the dream • latent (hidden) content – the hidden meaning of the dream Psychodynamic Theory Wish-fulfillment continued Example1 : Manifest Content: You have a dream that you are naked in public. Latent Content: We may interpret the dream to mean that you fear exposure, that you feel insecure or that you fear other people will notice your shortcomings. Example 2: Manifest Content: You are being chased by something scary Latent Content: you are avoiding a big issue. You may be avoiding a big challenge in your life. II. Information Processing– Cartwright Extension of Waking Life Theory • • • • Dreams help us sort the days events and consolidate (sort) our memories Dreams may help sift, sort, understand, and fix a day’s experiences in our memories. They may also help us work out unsolved problems. We go to bed with a problem, and when we wake up the problem is solved (or forgotten, which may be a solution in itself). When we are under stress or depressed, we sleep longer, and the amount of time spent in REM increases. This fact strongly suggests that we are working on the things that are worrying us while we dream. Information-Processing Theory: Dreams as reflections of current concerns • Dreams reflect the ongoing conscious preoccupations of waking life (concerns over relationships, work, sex, or health) • Dreams are more likely to contain material related to a person’s current concerns than chance would predict. – Students dream about exams – Instructors dream of forgetting lecture notes • Males and females appear to dream about similar issues now that lives and concerns of the two sexes have become similar. – Women children, clothes, household objects – Men weapons, violence, sex, achievement III. Activation-Synthesis Theory Hobson • Dreams result from random activation of brain cells responsible for eye movement, muscle movement, balance, and vision. • The brain then synthesizes (combines) this activity with existing knowledge and memories as if the signals came from the environment. – We interpret the random images and sensations is the dream’s meaning. IV. Cognitive Theory – G. Stanley Hall Dreams reflect emotional preoccupations of waking life—relationships, sex, work, health. Images in a dream are sometimes symbols for things in everyday life. This theory agrees with Freud that dreams contain symbols, but there is no “latent” (unconscious) meaning. The meaning is at the surface level— ”manifest” content. V. Evolutionary Perspective • Dreams serve as a type of “simulation” to help the organisms prepare for potential dangers in the environment. This is why young children have common dreams such as: – Falling dreams – Being chased by something dangerous – Fighting – Getting embarrassed VI. Physiological function theory • Regular brain stimulation from REM sleep may help develop and preserve neural pathways – Does your car run better when its cold or when its been warmed up? – Does your body perform better when its cold or when its been warmed up? Dream Theories • Activation Synthesis Dreams mean very little • Information Processing • Cognitive Theory • Psychodynamic Theory Dreams mean quite a bit. OA • You just awoke from a dream where you had a fight with somebody in your class. Explain the dream using the theories you have learned in class. 1.Psychodynamic Theory 2.Activation – Synthesis Theory 3.Information Processing 4.Cognitive development processing 5.Evolutionary Theory Dream Theories Lucid Dreaming • any dream in which one is aware that one is dreaming • The next time you have a lucid dream, find a way to call yourself and ask any question you like.