Chapter 7: Thinking, Language, Intelligence

Psychologm Chapter 7-Thinking-Lampunge / Intelligence Thinking brain actinty in which people mentally manipulate Information, Including words, visual Images, sounds, or other data. Thinking transforms information into new and different forms, allowing us to answer questions, make deesions, solve problems, and make plane. Mental images representations intre mind of an object orevont constitute a mayor part of thinking. just risnals Hearung ating can rely on mental image. EVERY sensong-modality may. produce comespondrez mental images mental images have many of properties of actual stimull they represent mental imagens can improve vanons skills. Ex. athletes use mental imagery in their training. visualize court, basketball •Piano Players mentally rehearse an exercise chor (similar to Concepts mental groupinays of similar obsects, events or people. to schemas BRAINSTORMIN concepts enable is to organice COMPLEX phenomente into cognitive (antigone's that are easier to understand and remember Concepts infirence behavior! Ex appropiate to pet an animal affer determining that it's a dos, rather than If we were to determine its a wolf. Prototypes typical, highly representative examples of a concept that correspond to our mental image or bestexample of the concept EX DOG (we think of common breeds like beagles rather than of rare breeds like shitou finish spits, otto hands.. etc.) Think of afruit, usually think of APPLE' *BEAGLE IS A PROTOTYPE OF THE CONCEPT DOG. Algorithmins ames that, if applied appropiately, guarantees a solution to a problem. can be used, even if we don't understand why it works. Exlock combination * Guarentee a solution, but can be pime consuming. math equation Heunstio is athinaing strategy that may lend us to a solution to a probleт от -deusion, but unlike algorithms may sometimes lead to cooms 116 a SHORTCUT!! Con chances, but does not guarantee successy Exithe-the-toe (phong X inthe middle) ② of storlying textbook, only notes you took in class. 2 types of herristics ①availabling heuricire we judge the likelihood of an event occuring on the basis of homeasily we can bring to mind examples of the erent Exs us being more afraid of dying in a plane crash or being struck bis lightining- More Poldie from falling out of bed, than lightning stoves, but plane crashes and lightning strikes receive more pubiscity, and they are therefore more easily remembered. familianty (representative) heunstic-leads us to prefer familiar objects, people or things that are unfamiliar or strange to uc. Es purchasing book form a familiar author rather than one you dont recognite cren if the one you don't recognize gerems better. Daneerivis ex: mo choosing first diagnosis dit familiar Gympos, may miss making or more accurate DX. Artificial intelligence freld that examines how to use technology to I the outcomes of Imitate ) human thinking, Problem solving, and creative-activities. (32) present blas heuristic-tendency to are closer more heavily weigh options that to the present than ones further awal Exis so todong or $180 in I month? Most ppl will choose $150 todong-he are actually loosing out 20%. This heuristic keeps us from thinking logically !! Insight a sudden awareness of the relationships among-vanous elements that had previously appeared to be independent of one another. Kind of like that Aha moment Sudden revalation (1) Expchimpanzees in Wolfgang Kohlers experiment zone used for problem soiring up on trying to get banamas Had revelation. Stacker vratts get to the bananae. Figured Hout! Functional fixedness (tendenag to thinic of an object only interms of HS Tyranoll use Ex: phone camera only seed for pictures as a mir mental ser is rit finchonal foredress Stendency to save pribens in acertam way, based on past exponence) thereby hindening ones abrittry to come up with other columons. to overcome fiunctional fixedness, you use something for something other than its intended use. Compmation bid's Tendency to Supports ones thitias hypothesis and to ignore contradictong information that supports dltemarive hypothesis or solutions Happens He we dont want to yut the effort in rethinking a problem that arrears suved. blu we weight more data that supports our onginal hypotheses than into thost Is vvpurtive of H Pake nens fabricated information that is made to look and sound the legittimate RERS, I the intent of persuading readers to accept false information Fake nens sy reads taster blc It's more 'hovel' Creativity, ability to generate original ideas or solve problems in novel wings Ex think of all the uses for a jar. casie to identify examples of creativity than to determine its causes- -Divergent thinkinge-HIGHLY creative individuals show divergent thinking Thinking thirt generates unusual, yet nonetheless, appreferater dresponses to probleme or Questions EXHINDING AN IDERY more different kind of responses "Out-of-the-box" thinking* convergent thinking thinking in DIVERGE which a problem is/viewinds of (Spread out any ideas diverge Im bran having a single answer and which produces responsus that are based primarily in knowledge and logi→ OPPOSITE OF DIN FRGENT!!! CONVERGE What can you do with a newspaper. convergent read (t NARROWING AN IDER divergeant: use it as a dustpan produes commonsenss kind of responses Cognitive complexity preferance for elaborate, intricate and complex thoughts & Solutions to problems creative prl Show cognitiver comploring-have wider range of interests and more Independent, more interested in philosophical/abstract problems Traditional intelligence tests have converging Questions • This is why scientists dont relate creativity much with School grades and intelligence When intelligence is measured ucing teaditional intelligence tests. we become less creative the older we get By age I. children have camined beste roles of language clont attain foll vacab or ability to comprehend fuse grammar nases untill ater Leaming theory approacht The theory that language acquisitror follows they of reinforcement and condthering Pritraples ExChild Saysmama' receives moms hugs/ praises (reinforcement), which makes repetition more likely. -learn to speak big being revarstel Shaping ekser aprox mins adult speedn sewartel, language becomes rere and more like this theory doesnt really explain how children acquire language riles. @ Natrivast arroach to language development) (Theory suggested by Noam Chomsky) theory that humans are biologically Premred to learn language at certain times and in Partioular ways Suggests that all the world's languages share a common underlying structure that is promre, bioloss'cally determined, and universal. -UNIWERSAL GRAMMAR Interactionist approach to language development)-the is produced through a combination -the nen that language de relopment of genetically determined predispostions and environmental circumstances that belt teach longmayo ↳ determined by both genetic and social fa cors Immersion programs Students are immediatly plunged into English instruction in all subjens Those who immersed in intensive language instruction show Dronk in the hippocampus Biculturalism being a member of 2 cultures and its psychological impact. Bilingual people ↑ Cognitive frexibility Bilingual adults have momo gray matter volume (2) Intelligence capacity to understand the world, think rationally, and use Pesources otherway when faced I challenges "G"or "G-factor" the single, general factor for mental ability assumed to Underlic inteligence in some early the ones of intclligend *2 kinds of intelligence Fluid intelligence or orystallized intelligence PROBLEM Fluid intelligencer intelligence that reffects the ability to think logicales, SOLVING!!! reason abstractly, and solve problems. we use this iwhen solving personal/political issues. FLUID decreases 1990 crystalnced inteligence luumulation of Information, Knowledge, and skink that People have learned through expenence and education. -rettects facts learned into in our longterm memory. Crystallized Increnses Tage!! ↓ Fluid-decreases Tage Crystall Ised -increases Tage Meory of multiple Inteligences (Proposed by HOWARD GARDNER" rather than asking in How Cmous areyou" GARDNER'S theory BSK "How are you smart?! Theory proposes that we have a minumon of EIGIT (8) different forms af inteligunusy fach relitarely independent of others. musical intelligence 2 bodily Kinesthetic intelligence logical mathematical meligend ④ Linguistic intelligence 5) Spatial intelligence Interpersonal intelligence intrapasonal intelligence 8 Naturaliste Intelligence operate in isolation. -Gardner believes each is linked to an independent system in the bare -Existential intelligence-He suggests there may be even more types of inteligence (such as that Invothes Identifying and thinking about the fundamental evestions of human existence Gardener suggests the separate intelligences do کی Stembems Triarde Theong of intelligence p "common sense Street sharts proposedly practical intelligence - Intelligence related to overal success of living (How your perfever day!! Robert World everyday Sternberg -argues that career successes require a reny different type of intelligence from that required for academe successes -practical intelligence is learned mainly through observation of amers behavior. Sternberg argues that there is 2 more types, Analytical intelligence traditional ("book spary") of intellegences 1 ("book Smary") - TROBLEM SOLVINGT Creative Intelligence-generation of novel ideas products uses past knowledge to solve problems. upply existing knowledge to new proions. Ang 10-100 Binets test is now called 'stantined-Binet votrestigeme nale! is now lolts 5th edition. ranes according to age of person admnest cred orally-bars botto ver al nonverbal assessyn When a mental nge level is reached on which, & tous can be anskerel, the test is ovel most frequent test in us was densed by thend Veechster krown as WAIS-Wordults mansure ver byl Domprehension, perceptual Masoning, working menany, and processing speed. Rattatality refor to meagrite to the conspolonaya a test Incassuming. Meat It Is tagg Validity when a test metually measures what it is copposed to measure Norms-Standards of test performante that permit the upays of o person's score on diren to the scores of others who have taken the same TEST E krowing you scored in the top 15% of those that prenicly ook it Standansed tesas teus for which worms have been declopod Adaptive testing like the NCLEX Intellectual onsabling disability charactenied by piet Jimulations in both intelestial festyning and in nånybre behavior, which Cours many everyday soud and pratical Shins, and onginates betwe the age of 18. (developтен и сосс). moderate telatud dis 40-50) bagunge motor apas moring need to hon Some degree of supervises throughout their lives Serere imelktial arong (1825-39)2 unablefon Profound Imeticctual disality (1225) Independently and reavine ne for theur entare Ives Most common cause it intellectual disabsthes fem Alcohol syndr Dowon Gyndrome when a puson is home chamatond the (there is an extra cory of the 21st chromosome) In most cases of Intellectual disability, there is apparent rological deficiency, but a history of thellectual distinto exises in the family. Family mtellectual disasante of apparent brolog zal legenthe problem chists but there is hy of do intellectual disabling among famsuзметика Mainstreaming practice of educating students intelectual detients and other special mats in regular classes duning specific time penas (Bexilluding them) culture fair la testy one that does to discriminate against the members of any morny group Berilability the degree to which a charactenses is ris interitid guete factors Traft hentability strongly rit genetic factors. hermabinty trans we akimth genencs and more rit enimmental Expect we must examine how individuals perform not the groups to which they lolong