The Diagnosis of Mental Illness 1 Psychopathology Defined • Psych(o) - from Greek psyche, Soul or Mind – Mental Processes and Activities • Includes Behavior – Doctrine of Mentalism • Pathology - from Greek pathos, Suffering – Deviations from Normal Structure, Function • Medical Illnesses – Deviations from Normal Anatomical Structure – Deviations from Normal Physiological Function 2 Defining Psychological Normality (A Prototype) Bootzin et al. (1980) • Accurate, Efficient Mental Function – Cognition, Emotion, Motivation, Behavior • • • • • Self-Awareness Self-Control Self-Esteem Social Relations Based on Affection Productivity, Creativity 3 Defining Psychological Deviance From (Presumed) Normality Bootzin et. al. (1980) • From Statistical Norms – Frequency Criterion – Positive Deviations? • IQ and Intellectual Disability – All Negative Deviations? • Extraversion and Shyness 4 Defining Psychological Deviance From (Presumed) Normality Bootzin et al. (1980) • From Statistical Norms • From Social Norms – Compliance Criterion – Variance Across Cultures • Political dissidents in Soviet Union, China – Variance Across Time within Cultures • Homosexuality 5 Defining Psychological Deviance From (Presumed) Normality Bootzin et al. (1980) • From Statistical Norms • From Social Norms • Personal Distress – Subjective Criterion – The Problem of Self-Perception • Schizophrenia, Personality Disorders – Ego-Syntonic vs. Ego-Dystonic Symptoms 6 Defining Psychological Deviance From (Presumed) Normality Bootzin et al. (1980) • • • • From Statistical Norms From Social Norms Personal Distress Maladaptiveness – Harmfulness Criterion – Criminal Behavior • The Insanity Defense 7 Psychological Abnormality as Conceptual Prototype • Features of • Features of Presumptive Normality Abnormality – Accurate, Efficient Mental Function – Self-Awareness – Self-Control – Self-Esteem – Social Relations Based on Affection – Productivity, Creativity – – – – Low Frequency Noncompliance Personal Distress Maladaptiveness 8 Major Categories of Mental Illness (Organization Differs from DSM-5) 1. Organic Brain Syndromes 2. Developmental Disorders 3. “Psychoses” 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. “Neuroses” Psychophysiological (Psychosomatic) Disorders Dissociative Disorders Somatoform Disorders Personality Disorders Behavioral Disorders 9 “Problems in Living” Organic Brain Syndromes Insult, Injury, or Disease Affecting Brain • Dementia – Alzheimer’s Disease • Amnesic Syndrome – Korsakoff’s Syndrome • Aphasia – Expressive (Broca’s) – Receptive (Wernicke’s) 10 Developmental Disorders Abnormal Development Since Birth • Intellectual Disability (“Mental Retardation”) – Goddard: Moron, Idiot, Imbecile – APA: Mild, Moderate, Severe, Profound • Conceptual, Social, and Practical Domains – AAIDD: Need for Environmental Support • Intermittent, Limited, Extensive, Pervasive • Autism Spectrum Disorder – Autism – Asperger’s Syndrome • Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder 11