Psychoses Gross Impairments in Reality Testing “Organic” vs. “Functional” • Schizophrenia • Affective Disorder – Bipolar Disorder • Manic-Depressive Illness – Unipolar Disorder • Mania • Depression 12 Neuroses Anxiety • Phobic Disorders • Anxiety Disorder – Panic Disorder • Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder • Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder 13 Psychophysiological Disorders “Psychosomatic” Disorders Organ Damage or Malfunction Actual Damage to Internal Organs • “Psychosomatic” Ulcers • Coronary Heart Disease – “Type A” Behavior 14 Dissociative Disorders Disruptions in Consciousness Awareness and/or Control • Affecting Memory / Identity – Functional/”Psychogenic” Amnesia – Fugue – Multiple Personality Disorder • Dissociative Identity Disorder • Affecting Sensation / Perception / Action – “Hysteria” / Conversion Disorder • Functional Blindness, Deafness, Anesthesia • Functional Paralysis 15 Somatoform Disorders Physical Complaints But No Organic Cause • Hypochondriasis • Somatization Disorder – Briquet’s Syndrome (“Hysteria”) • Somatoform Pain Disorder • Body Dysmorphic Disorder 16 Personality Disorders Deeply Ingrained Since Childhood or Adolescence “Ego-Dystonic” vs. “Ego-Syntonic” Symptoms • Antisocial Personality Disorder – Psychopathic Personality Disorder – Psychopathy, Sociopathy • Borderline Personality Disorder 17 Behavioral Disorders Specific Maladaptive Behaviors No Other Signs of Mental Illness • Alcoholism, Alcohol Abuse • Drug Addiction, Substance Abuse • Addictions to Sex, Gambling, etc. 18 “Problems in Living” After Szasz, the Myth of Mental Illness (1960) Not Necessarily Mental Illnesses Treated by Mental Health Professionals • • • • • Marital Stress Sexual Dysfunction Adjustment Problems Stress Reactions Vocational Quandaries 19 Mental Illness Analogous to Physical Illness • Abnormalities in Mental Structure, Function – Cognition • Alzheimer’s Disease, Dementia • Schizophrenia – Emotion • Anxiety Disorders • Affective Disorders (Mania, Depression) – Motivation • Psychopathy (Antisocial Personality Disorder) • Results in Abnormal, Maladaptive Behavior 20 Medical Model of Psychopathology Siegler & Osmond (1974); Kihlstrom (2002) • Mental Illness Analogous to Medical Illness – Mental Patient, Mental Hospital, Mental Hygiene • Diagnosis, Treatment, Rehabilitation • Acute vs. Chronic – Symptoms Caused by Underlying Pathology • Signs Observed by Professional – Syndromes • Co-Occurring Symptoms – Diseases • Syndromes with Known Cause 21 Medical Model of Psychopathology Siegler & Osmond (1974); Kihlstrom (2002) • No Assumption of Organic Cause “Behind every twisted thought there lies a twisted molecule” • Mental Illness Has “Natural” Cause – Discovered Through Scientific Method • Not Demonic Possession – Supernatural Model • Not Willful Behavior – Moral Model 22