Case Conceptualization Identifying Data Jeffrey is a 17 year old African American male. Jeffrey is heterosexual and has a semi-serious girlfriend. Jeffrey is a junior in high school at a magnet for leadership and business. Jeffrey lives at home with his mother and stepfather. His stepfather has been around for many years and Jeffrey considers him to be his dad. Jeffrey’s mother is a stay-at-home mom and his stepfather works full time. Jeffrey comes from a loving and financially stable environment. Jeffrey is always casually, but neatly dressed. He is an attractive young man of average height and weight, who wears braces. Jeffrey is very muscular due to his involvement in athletics. He is always well groomed for our sessions. Jeffrey is often quiet for long stretches of time, but talks animatedly and articulately when addressed. Jeffrey has excellent manners and is very polite, always using “ma’am” when addressing his mother and myself. Presenting Problem Jeffrey and his mother came to counseling because of an event at school. Jeffrey had been asked to hand in an English assignment that he had completed earlier in the week. When Jeffrey looked for it, he could not find the assignment. He panicked and took another student’s paper, erased her name, and replaced it with his own. The teacher discovered this and brought it to Jeffrey and his mother’s attention. Jeffrey’s mother stated that this had been the final motivator to bring them in to counseling. She related that for about five years, she had felt a distance growing between Jeffrey and herself. She stated she was worried about Jeffrey’s ability to make good decisions in pressure situations. Both Jeffrey and his mother reported that a lack of communication was affecting their relationship. Rebuilding trust between them was a priority for both. At the end of our first session, Jeffrey clearly identified his goals, as well as prioritized them. He stated that he first wanted to work on rebuilding trust with his mother, second he wanted to work on his anger- stating that his fuse was very short and third he wanted to work on making good decisions. Jeffrey and his mother both stated that most of these problems began in junior high, with the onset of adolescence. Both parties emphasized the importance of resolving these issues before Jeffrey leaves for college in one year. Relevant History Jeffrey was born slightly prematurely with negligible health complications. Jeffrey’s mother raised him as a single mother for the first few years of his life. Jeffrey’s mother stated that she and Jeffrey had been very close, referring to him as “her reason for getting up in the morning.” Jeffrey’s biological father is not involved in his life. Both Jeffrey and his mother describe the biological father as unreliable, and talk of his lack of involvement in their lives with little emotion or concern. Jeffrey considers his stepfather to be his real dad and speaks of him with affection. Jeffrey has no brothers or sisters, but does have a rather large extended family of cousins and aunts and uncles. Jeffrey is also very close with his grandmother. Jeffrey’s mother is the youngest of many children and often serves as a caretaker for her mother. She feels very duty bound to her, but they do not always get along. Jeffrey’s mother perceives her mother, who is in the early stages of Alzheimer’s disease, as a very angry person. Additionally, Jeffrey’s mother is afflicted with epilepsy and has had several seizures in front of her son. Jeffrey attends a magnet school in Dallas and has always been seen as a smart and capable young man by his family and friends. Jeffrey has plans to attend college and wants to be a businessman. He has a tight-knit group of friends that he perceives as supportive. Jeffrey has gotten into a few minor scuffles with other youths, but has never been involved with police. Jeffrey reports that he is not sexually active, though he has had several girlfriends. Jeffrey also does not use alcohol or drugs. Jeffrey did try marijuana once, but told his mom about it, and has not tried it since. Jeffrey reports that his house always had an open-door policy. This meant that all doors in the house had to be open. When Jeffrey entered junior high, his mother stated that he could close his door sometimes for privacy. Both he and his mother cite this as the beginning of the distance between them, saying that once that was said, the door was closed all the time. Early in counseling, Jeffrey had been doing well and exhibiting progress with all of his goals. After a small problem, he told his mother that he would “rather be dead.” The issue of suicide was resolved quickly, when we discovered that Jeffrey had not known how to express his frustrations and feelings of always choosing the wrong thing. He related that he had not really intended to take his life, but had just not known what else to say. While dealing with this situation, Jeffrey’s mother related that when she had been very young, her older brother (who was in his early 20’s) had committed suicide with no note or warning. Her mother had found the body and “had not been the same since” according to Jeffrey’s mother. Jeffrey’s mother worried about how it would impact her if Jeffrey killed himself. Interpersonal Style Jeffrey seems to relate well to others in general. He has lots of friends, and is well liked and popular at school. When Jeffrey is comfortable, he is open and easy to get along with. He gives the impression of quiet strength that is neither submissive nor aggressive. However, when Jeffrey is threatened, he often moves against others. This usually applies to interactions with strangers and known adversaries. He can become very intense and has been in several fights. He is known at school as someone who should not be messed with. When Jeffrey feels threatened in a situation with loved ones (i.e. family and friends), Jeffrey tends to move away by self-isolating until his anger abates. Jeffrey and I have an excellent therapeutic relationship. It could be perceived that Jeffrey approaches me with a slightly submissive stance. This is displayed in the way that he always calls me “ma’am” and is exceedingly polite. I think that his upbringing and view of me as the professional account for this. That being said, Jeffrey expresses himself clearly and respectfully. When I challenge him, he considers my statements and replies honestly and thoroughly. I feel that Jeffrey hold his own while in session as he does in life, being neither overly submissive, resistant, nor dominant. Environmental Factors Most of the stressors that Jeffrey faces are normal to the world of any seventeen year-old. Jeffrey faces stress from school, peers and family. Jeffrey’s academic pressures include getting into college next year, passing the TAKS, and succeeding in his magnet school environment. Jeffrey faces the same peer pressure that plagues many of his age group. He had a reputation at school for being popular and tough. He often feels the pressure of living up to this. Many times, other males at school will attempt to engage him in a fight to prove that they are tough. Jeffrey knows that he does not want to get in trouble at school, but also had a hard time walking away from his anger. In addition to these pressures, Jeffrey also experiences pressure from his family. He experiences himself as a successful achiever, and feels pressure from his parents and his extended family to maintain this status. Jeffrey’s mother expects a lot and can be quite hard on him. Though Jeffrey faces many stressors, he is very fortunate in the fact that he also has very strong supports in place. Jeffrey’s family is a huge support to him. His mother and stepfather are attentive and caring, displaying genuine interest in him and his problems. Jeffrey also has a very close relationship with his grandmother, to whom he often goes for advice. Jeffrey benefits from his family environment, which is stable, both emotionally and financially. Jeffrey’s father has a well-paying job in payroll accounting that keeps the family well taken care of. Jeffrey also has his interest in and talent for sports, especially football. Jeffrey find tremendous motivation and sense of accomplishment in his achievements in sports. Personality Dynamics Jeffrey possesses above average intelligence. He is able to handle both concrete and abstract thinking. Jeffrey has a sharp mind that seems to catch on to things quickly. Jeffrey does seem to have a preponderance of negative cognitions. When depressed or distressed, his mind becomes over-run with these negative thoughts. Jeffrey tells himself things like “I never make the right decision,” “I always get it wrong,” and “I have to be the best.” Jeffrey seems to have a strong leaning towards these negative thoughts, especially in times of stress. This is not to say that Jeffrey is entirely negative. Most times, Jeffrey displays a high level of accurate self-awareness and good self-esteem. He seems to have positive self-talk, which enforces his ideas and strengths. Even in times of stress, Jeffrey is able to think of positive self-talk when given some prompting. Jeffrey’s level of fantasy life seems appropriate to his age, manifesting in goals and desires. Jeffrey has realistic, but hopeful goals for himself. Jeffrey demonstrates a slightly above-average level of insight. On his own, he is somewhat aware of his motivations, but is unable to perceive patterns or deeper meaning. However, Jeffrey is able to conceptualize these ideas when brought to his attention. Jeffrey tends to rationalize his thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. He willingly expresses this rationale, but does not always respond well to challenges to his flawed logic. Jeffrey displays a labile range of affect during our sessions. Most often, I see Jeffrey in a happy and jovial mood. When Jeffrey is in this state, I observe a wide smile and plentiful eye contact. When Jeffrey is in this mood he talks and listens attentively. Another common state for Jeffrey is anger. When he is angry, Jeffrey becomes much quieter and more withdrawn. He smiles less often and is less attentive to the conversation. Jeffrey also becomes less expressive with both the content of his speech and his tone of voice. His physicality would relate a lack of interest in the subject, but he is quick to jump in and defend himself when he feels misunderstood. Jeffrey also has a state, which he describes as “panic mode.” Thought this state does not occur frequently, Jeffrey is plagued by it. When Jeffrey is in panic mode, he gets very loud and aggressive very quickly. He says that he is unable to think about what he is doing, but is filled with a feeling of urgency and nervousness. During interviews I usually see Jeffrey in what I would call normal mode, his happy state. I have seen some low levels of anger from Jeffrey when we are discussing things that make him agitated or when he feels like his mother is not comprehending him. In this way, Jeffrey’s affect is highly appropriate to the content of the sessions. Jeffrey displays a healthy range of emotion and seems comfortable with expressing himself. Most often, affection is expressed with light-hearted joking or teasing. Additionally, fear and sadness tend to be expressed similarly to anger. Jeffrey has, over the years, and throughout the course of our counseling, displayed a cycle of highs and lows. Jeffrey does very well, exceeds expectations and seems to be at a peak. This is followed by some minor problem. Jeffrey then tends to plummet into a sea of self-doubt and disappointment at his inability to continue on the upward path. Jeffrey displays no sign of psychosomatic symptoms. He is a healthy and active young man who functions well, outside of his inability to control his anger at times. The only behavioral problem that Jeffrey faces is gaining power over his anger. When angry, or more intensely when panicked, Jeffrey becomes physically aggressive. Aside from this, Jeffrey seems to sleep and eat normally for a young man of his age and activity level. Counselor’s Conceptualization of the Problems Considering Jeffrey’s case from the perspective of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy is very appropriate. Corey (2001) tells us that “we originally learn irrational beliefs from significant others during our childhood” (p.299). This makes Jeffrey’s relationship with his mother important in our exploration of his problems. Through his interactions with his mother, Jeffrey learned to feel that he must be a good son and take care of his mother. Because Jeffrey’s mother puts so much pressure on herself to be a good mother and a good caretaker of her own mother, Jeffrey has learned that he must do the same. Jeffrey feels that he has to live up to the roles set out in his family. This flawed thinking that Jeffrey experiences is summed up perfectly by Thompson and Rudolph (2000) who stated that “irrational thinking leads to self-hate, which leads to self-destructive behavior and eventually hatred of others” (p.187). In other words, Jeffrey feels that he must be perfect and achieve. When he falls short of these impossible goals, he falls into self-doubt and hatred. This self-doubt and hatred combine with the continued feeling of urgency that he feels to achieve his goals. These things combine to end in destructive behavior of getting into fights and withdrawing from others rather than asking for help. When approaching Jeffrey’s case from the perspective of Solution-Focused theory, I would keep in mind several things. Jeffrey seems to become stuck in his problems. When something goes wrong in his life, he plunges into a state of self-doubt and negativity. When this happens, he is unable to remember all of the good things he has done and chosen, and is only able to focus on the problem. Minor problems that have plagued Jeffrey’s past have become the core of his current experience. He has “become mired in [his] past unresolved conflicts and failures and blocked when focusing on present problems rather than future solutions” (Thompson & Rudolph, 2000, p. 119). Jeffrey is so upset by the distance between himself and his mother that he is paralyzed. He is stuck in the rut of the distance between them, and cannot seem to find a way to change his actions to reflect his feelings. With regard to his anger, Jeffrey gets caught in his pattern of anger and fighting. This problem makes him angry and unable to change his way of reacting when he feels threatened. When it comes to his decisions, Jeffrey is so intent on not messing up that he chooses poorly out of stress and frustration. Jeffrey is aware of all of his feelings about these various problems, but this insight has failed to help him with his problems. Corey (2000) advises us that comprehending the problem is unnecessary to treatment or change. The key to success is not insight, but rather action. Treatment Plan When using REBT to address Jeffrey’s problems my goals would be to help Jeffrey recognize and correct irrational thinking in problems he is facing currently, as well as to equip him with the ability to apply these skills to problems he might face in the future. In order to accomplish this, I would use several techniques. The first step would be to explain simply the concept of Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy, namely that by decreasing faulty thinking and replacing it with rational thinking, people are able to increase their level of happiness and ability to successfully navigate life (Thompson & Rudolph, 2000). From this point we would begin to examine some of Jeffrey’s flawed thinking. In order to find out what Jeffrey’s self-talk is, we would need to examine some current problems that he faces. By employing the A-B-C-D-E model of disputing, we would learn about Jeffrey’s thoughts and feelings regarding the incident in which he had put his name on another student’s paper. After that process had begun, I would assign Jeffrey with homework of applying this model to his other problems that he is facing, especially the three goals he had outlined at the beginning of our meetings. From this point I would work with Jeffrey on replacing his flawed thinking with new and more appropriate thinking. In order to help Jeffrey put this into practice I would use rational emotive imagery and role-play (Corey, 2000). These techniques would allow Jeffrey to practice his new ways of thinking and behaving in a controlled and safe environment. We could apply these techniques to all three areas of concern for him by working on an interaction with his mother, one with a difficult teacher, and one with a peer trying to pick a fight. Due to their closeness, it might be beneficial to invite Jeffrey’s mother to join us for a few sessions. This would allow her to see the new process that Jeffrey is using so that she can respond appropriately to his new ways of doing things. They could also practice using the skills that Jeffrey is using in a session to help increase their communication. I would also work with them jointly on changing their language. Because they both use the language of “have to” and “must,” I would ask them both to change their language at home and in session to help with reorienting their thoughts away from such flawed thinking. By using all of these techniques, Jeffrey would become more confident in his abilities to make good decisions and to feel good about himself, even when things do not go as planned. This confidence and success will result in an increase in communication between himself and his family and a greater ability to control his temper. When developing a treatment plan for Jeffrey based on Solution-Focused theory, I would aim for the following goals for our sessions: establishing goals for counseling, identifying Jeffrey’s strengths, implementing changes in Jeffrey’s behavior. We know that goals held and developed by the client are more likely to be achieved than those set by the counselor (Thompson & Rudolph, 2000). I would begin counseling by asking Jeffrey and his mother the Skeleton Key question (Thompson & Rudolph, 2000, p. 124). Once we had established Jeffrey’s goals for counseling we would outline measurable and identifiable means to chart our progress in these areas. Since Jeffrey noted that his relationship with his mother was of primary importance, we would begin with this goal. In order to facilitate a change in their behavior, I would ask them the Miracle question (Thompson & Rudolph, 2000, pp.125-126). This would allow both Jeffrey and his mother to construct a vision of what it might be if things were as they wished they were. From this point, Jeffrey and his mother could take note of small changes that they each make and build on those. When both Jeffrey and his mother noted that on his miracle day, his door would be open, I requested that he make the change of opening his door more often during the week before our next session. By making small changes, and getting Jeffrey and his mother to focus on the positive, I would see this problem disappear quickly. In order to address Jeffrey’s temper, we would use a version of the scaling question to chart his anger. By doing this, we could note observable changes in Jeffrey’s behavior when he is at different levels of anger. We could also highlight coping skills that Jeffrey uses or possesses and can put to effective use. I would ask Jeffrey to look for exceptions to losing his temper. This would allow him to see that he can successfully handle his anger, as well as note which techniques work best to do so. This would increase Jeffrey’s confidence in his ability to handle situations and respond appropriately. To address Jeffrey’s problems with decision making, I would ask Jeffrey about times that he has made good decisions, and ask that he reflect on what was different about those times. I would also ask Jeffrey to observe himself the next time he feels he is in panic mode. This would allow him to step outside of the problem and observe what is helpful and unhelpful to him in these situations (Thompson & Rudolph, 2000). By building on Jeffrey’s and his mother’s existing strengths, counseling will address all of their concerns so that they can both feel confident in his abilities before he leaves for college.