University:
University of California, Berkeley
Course:
PSYCH N1 | General Psychology
Academic year:

2022
Views:

267

Pages:

14
Author:

StellarSymphony

Diathesis and Stress Origins of Mental Illness • Somatogenic – “Plagues and Tangles” in Alzheimer’s Disease – Dopamine Hypothesis of Schizophrenia – Monoamine Hypothesis of Depression • Norepinephrine, Serotonin • Psychogenic – Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder – Phobias as Acquired Fear – Compulsions as Avoidance Learning – Learned Helplessness in Depression The Nature of Psychopathology Psychological Deficits • • • • Schizophrenia Childhood Autism Depression Attention-Deficit Disorder • • • • Maladaptive Social Learning Phobias Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Depression Psychophysiological Disorders Diathesis-Stress Model of the Etiology of Mental Illness Meehl (1962); Rosenthal (1963) Monroe & Simons (1991); Belsky & Pleuss (2009) • Diathesis – Predisposition – Vulnerability (“At Risk”) – Adaptation • “Good” vs. “Poor” Premorbid Adjustment • Stress – Challenge to Current Level of Adaptation – Precipitates Acute Episode • But Only in Vulnerable Individuals p(Acute Episode) Diathesis-Stress Independence (Additive Model) 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Stress Low High Low High Diathesis p(Acute Episode) Diathesis-Stress Interaction (Multiplicative Model) 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Stress Low High Low High Diathesis Patterns of Diathesis and Stress • Substantial Diathesis: “High Risk” – Little Stress Required for Acute Episode – Poor Premorbid Personality • Catastrophic Stress – Acute Episode Even in “Low-Risk” Individuals – Good Premorbid Personality • Diathesis Within Normal Limits – Episode a Function of Stress • Stress Within Normal Limits – Episode a Function of Diathesis Diathesis is a Specific Predisposition Concordance Rates for Psychopathology Diagnosis MZ DZ Schizophrenia 38% 14% Bipolar Affective Disorder 72% 28% Unipolar Affective Disorder 40% 11% Genetic Endowment = “At Risk” But Not Decisive The Genain Quadruplets Rosenthal (1963) • “Dire Birth” – – – – Nora Iris Myra Hester Environmental Contributions to Schizophrenia • Socioeconomic Status – Social Drift, not Sociogenesis • Coping Failures – Loss, Frustration • Family Maladjustment – Adoption of “At Risk” Probands Finnish Adoptive Family Study of Schizophrenia Wahlberg, Wynn, et al. (1997) • 167 Women Hospitalized for Schizophrenia – 183 Probands Given Up for Adoption • 202 Women Hospitalized for Other Illnesses – 204 Probands Given Up for Adoption • Psychological Testing of Adoptive Families – “Communication Deviance” • Psychological Testing of Adoptees – Index of Thought Disorder Communication Disorder and Thought Disorder Wahlberg, Wynne, et al. (1997) High Risk Controls Thought Disorder 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Communication Deviance 8 9 10 Diathesis and Stress in Adolescent Conduct Disorder Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study Caspi et al. (2002) • Adolescent Conduct Disorder in Boys – Aggression, Antisocial Behavior • Diathesis: MAOA Gene – Promotes Monoamine Oxidase - A • Located on X Chromosome • Metabolizes Many Neurotransmitters • Linked to Aggression in Mice, Humans • Stress: History of Maltreatment – Initiates “Cycle of Violence” MAO-A, Maltreatment, and Adolescent Conduct Disorder Caspi et al. (2002) % of Subjects 100 80 Maltreatment None 60 Probable 40 Severe 20 0 Low High MAOA Activity