AP US History Period 4

Period 4: 1800 (Jefferson’s Election)-1848 (Seneca Falls Convention) Context: Revolutionary War over, Articles of Confederation rewritten, new American Constitution. Expansion begins, some abolition, war of 1812 coming up, political parties forming, divisions Main Points: ● Louisiana Purchase (Jefferson switched to loose interpretation to purchase this from France, who needed the $) ● Market Revolution (transformed how goods are produced, more factories, increased technology and transportation) ● Increased democracy ● 2nd Great Awakening (women’s suffrage, no alcohol, secular reform, abolitionism, geographic movement, individualism) ● Manifest Destiny (justified and inevitable that America would expand west) ● Prominent nativism and xenophobia Significant Presidents: ● Jefferson: (1801-1824), democratic republican, believed in limited government, embargo act of 1807, judicial review (marshal court), limited gov/tax, agricultural economy o Louisiana Purchase: the US purchased Louisiana from France for 15 million dollars, doubled the size of the US (problems: harder to manage, Native Americans, contradicted Jefferson's strict interpretation of the government but he justified it by saying more land=expands the agrarian economy) o Embargo Act of 1807: was meant to pressure Britain and France to accept neutral trading rights and cease interfering with US trade on the high seas. It effectively banned international trade and destroyed the economy, but helped increase manufacturing. o Judiciary Act of 1789: law that established the Supreme Court and the lower federal courts; sections of it were ruled as unconstitutional because it gave court more power than the Constitution allowed o John Marshall: gave the supreme court more power, strengthened the power of the federal government, private property is now protected, judicial branch very powerful. ▪ Marbury vs Madison: declared a section of judiciary act as unconstitutional and established the principle of judicial review ● Madison: (1809-1817) War of 1812, dem- republican, war hawks (wanted to go to war) the dem-rep, Hartford convention (the federalists wanted to secede, no war with British), frontier conflict, tariff of 1816, panic of 1819 o War of 1812 Causes: British were still in forts even after the Revolutionary War, British impressment of American sailors, British interfere with freedom of seas of the U.S., British cause conflicts with Native Americans (arm Natives so they attack Americans) war hawk propaganda o War of 1812 Effects: no more British interference, Era of Good Feelings. growth of nationalism o Hartford Convention: meeting of Federalists during War of 1812. Anti-war Federalists wanted to secede from the Union unless Madison gave into their demands (no war) o Tariff of 1816- first protective tariff, panic of 1819- banks close, west suffers the most, caused by end of war. ● Monroe: (1817-1825) Era of Good Feelings o Era of Good Feelings ▪ → on the surface: appeared to be great, war was a stalemate but was seen as an American victory, British threat no longer perceived to be a problem (only in Canada), Americans finally have an identity, nationalism, pride, economy was strong, one political party (Federalists die down by the end of the war because of Hartford Convention) o → in reality: high tariffs, sectionalism, bank wars, corrupt bargains & panic of 1819 - state banks closed, felt in the west, because of the end of the war. ● Polk (1845-1849): territorial expansion o Trend to move west of the Ohio River. Expanded the nation economically and allowed for a larger population. However, clashes with Native Americans continued, life very hard on the frontier. o Led to growth of farming, more agrarian work Henry Clay's American system: Henry Clay was a Democratic-Republican who called to adopt the Federalists’ economic plan and make the US economically self-sufficient 1. Tariff to protect industry, tariff of 1816 (25%) 2. Strong bank system, recharter of the bank of the US, goal was to make credit available for all citizens, 3rd bank gets vetoed by Jackson 3. Internal improvements - roads and canals, need to industrialize, market revolution, hope to unify the country economically and politically (Madison and Monroe opposed to this as it wasn’t written in the constitution) o Erie Canal- better trade, economic unity stretched from New York to Albany, revolutionized shipping, connect region for trade o Turnpikes- roads. o National road aka the Cumberland Road- first road built at the expense of federal gov. United north and south. o Baltimore and Ohio railroad: first steam railroad, mode of transportation and fueled US economy. Important Inventions: ● Textile machinery- spinning jenny ● Steam engines- boats could move against the current (Robert Fulton) ● Interchangeable parts- increased goods production (Eli Whitney) ● Cotton gin- boosted cotton (also Eli Whitney) ● Telegraph for communication ● Steel Plow (John Deere) ● McCormick Reaper: developed mechanical reaper, increased crop yield, better farming, faster (John McCormick) ● Lowell system: women can work but only if they are not married, not paid a lot, terrible conditions. Elections ● Election of 1824- corrupt bargain-Andrew Jackson won the most popular and electoral votes but failed to receive an electoral majority. Henry Clay threw his vote to John Quincy Adams and then was made Secretary of State ● Election of 1828-Jackson's presidency brought the rise of a common man, democracy, shift political center from east to the west ● Election of 1840: first modern election, parades are held, political slogans Missouri compromise 1820: let in Missouri as a slave state and Maine as free, drew the line 36°30′-- above it is free states Social Movements ● Second Great Awakening- need to work and worship, do good for your society. Led to rise in abolition movements Charles finney, tent rivals. ● Women rights movements ● Temperance- to end abuse by preventing alcoholism ● Abolition- focus on reform, quakers, emancipation of slaves, wanted to outlaw the whole system ● Prison reform/asylum reform- Dorothea Dix, mental illness help ● Utopian communities- closer to nature, God, wanted a perfect society ● Educational reform- school, Horace Mann used the land ordinance of 85’ to build schools ● Republican motherhood- womens’ job is to raise children with republican and patriotic ideals ● Cult of domesticity- women belong in the house, step backwards from women's rights ● Seneca Falls Convention 1848: women push for suffrage ● ● Specific People: o Stanton: women rights advocate o Wright: racial equality, birth control o Dorothea Dix- mental illness o Horace Mann- championed public education Transcendentalism- closer to nature, natural world, no industry, peaceful life, o Emerson- philosopher o Thoreau- writer Geographic Change: ● Manifest Destiny- belief that the U.S. was destined to expand westward ● Annexation of Texas- Mexico bans slavery, Texas is a slave state ● Mexican American war- over the Rio Grande and Nueces River. U.S. incited but blamed Mexico. Gained more territory o ● Mexican cession- new territory due to the treaty of guadalupe hidalgo Immigration o Irish to Boston and NY o Germans to the frontier o Led to NE and NW interdependence o Old immigrants: (1830-1850) Irish immigrants: Catholic, shared social status of free African Americans o German: Protestants, maintained their ethnicity o Nativism: fear of immigrants on American life, mob violence against Catholics, Know Nothing party created - wanted restrictions on immigration Political Parties: ● Democrats (party of tradition): spoke to fears of Americans, Jefferson, Dem-Republican party, brought into office by Jackson, limited government, common man, opposed to banks, favored territorial gain, individual rights ● Whigs (party of modernization): spoke to hopes of Americans, anti-Jackson party created in 1834, diverse members, held together by hatred of Jackson, divided over the issue of slavery, promote economic growth, banks. Wanted internal growth Jacksonian Democracy ● Everyday man agriculture and rising industrial society; wanted to expand democracy to economic and social aspects, universal suffrage ● Different from Jefferson - Jefferson was higher class only agriculture, limit democracy to politics only ● New version of democracy ● Encouraged all white men to vote, more people vote over the years ● Veto king, expanded the executive branch greatly ● 2 party system emerges ● Modern political tactics, campaigned everywhere - in bars, schools, farms ● Bank wars: vetoes charter for 3rd bank, believed bank only benefited rich and expanded fed. Gov. created state pet banks and issues specific circular ( gold and silver) only pay with that. Ruined the economy + led to panic of 1837. Causes a shift in politics. Buren wins (Whig), unemployment, no paper currency Native American Relations ● Indian Removal Act 1830: remove Native American tribes from east of Mississippi, resettle to west o Worcester v Georgia: Georgia wanted to move Indian to reserves but gov. said that it is the government’s job and not the states. ● Trail of Tears: trail cherokee people from Georgia had to go on to relocate to reserves, very dangerous - many die ● Seminole war: Native Americans of Florida opposed war and fought back Nullification Crisis ● Tariff of abominations 1828: very high tariff rate, created conflict between north and south. North was ok with it because it expanded their industry, but south was mad bc. They cant trade cotton with europe since europe didn't want to trade with them ● South Carolina Exposition: written by VP Calhoun, argued that tariff was unfair and that Carolina can nullify it since it only benefited the north and not south. Used the compact theory, theory of nullification ● S. Carolina Nullification Crisis: South Carolina declared federal tariff null and void, Jackson sends military, ended up lowering the tariff so they dont leave Union