AP US History Period 3

AP US History SS Review Period 3: 1754 (French and Indian War)-1800 (Election) The big picture: ● French and Indian War (war over French northern territory): Britain beat France but went into debt, then had to raise taxes (stopping salutary neglect) ● Colonies were very separate, not united, and built their own governments (Virginia house of burgesses) ● Southern agriculture, northern manufacturing/trade ● The colonies hated the taxation without representation ● The American Revolution (patriot militias and the Continental Army overcame loyalist opposition) ● America became independent but struggled with how to structure the newfound political and economic identity ● Migration within Native Americans and competition over resources, boundaries, and trade caused conflicts Key Vocab: ● Salutary neglect- England was like, “We won’t mess with you.” ● Navigation acts- a British attempt to control colonial trade; merchants ignored them. ● Battle of Saratoga- America won against Britain, France takes notice (turning point) ● Republican motherhood- moms teach sons patriotic ideals, women are the ones that have to teach children ● Republicanism- power lies with the consent of the people ● Federalism- where power is divided between national and state government ● Implied powers- necessary and proper clause, grants Congress a set of implied powers, powers not explicitly named in Constitution but assumed to exist due to their necessity. ● Compact theory- (originally advocated by John Locke but used in Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions) The state is part of the federal government so it has the rights to check powers of federal government or nullify laws ● Nullification- states rights advocates believed that nullification was a right of the states The American Revolution French and Indian War ● French and Indian War/Seven Year War: (war over French northern territory, the Ohio River Valley) Britain beat France & their native allies, but went into debt o Britain’s debt meant had to raise taxes (stopping their salutary neglect) ● Impact of the war: o Albany congress 1754- an alliance between states to discuss how to defend against French and Indians o Benjamin Franklin made an alliance was made with the Iroquois Confederacy o Albany Plan of Union= suggested the colonies unite (join or die, Grand Council, common defense against the French and Indians) but it failed…sorry BF ● Proclamation of 1763- BANNED colonists from settling west of Appalachian mountains in order to prevent conflict with natives (the new land they won) o Colonists got very mad since they fought in the war and then couldn’t enjoy the new land ● The post-war POVs: o British: low opinion of colonies, can’t defend themselves, military was not strong o Colonial: sense of pride and strength Causes of American revolution: ● Enlightenment: a political awakening! Society should protect human natural rights of liberty, property, and life. ● John Locke: talks about natural rights and how people should rebel until those rights are protected→ inspires colonists to fight since their rights were not protected. ● End of salutary neglect: Britain said “okay colonists we’ll leave you alone”. The distance made it hard to communicate so the colonies developed their own culture. The Proclamation of 1763 stopped Americans from moving west. Then when Britain needed money, they started taxing (1763). This angered those in America. Britain’s Acts: ● Sugar Act 1764- on merchants, to offset war debt, tax on imported sugar, textiles, coffee, wines. Colonists: boycott. ● Quartering Act 1765- colonists had to allow British troops to live in their home and feed them. Colonists: Boston massacre- British troops kill 5 colonists in a mob who were harassing and taunting British troops ● Stamp act 1765- a direct tax on written documents o Colonists: Stamp Act Congress (Britain respond by saying that parliament represented colonists but colonists couldn't vote for parliament??), protests, boycott, leads to repeal by George the Third ● Declaratory Acts 1766- right after the stamp act war repealed, British parliament asserted that they had the sole and exclusive right to tax the colonists in all cases whatsoever which meant they ignored the colonists’ no taxation without representation argument. ● Colonists: formed the 1st continental congress in1774 (decided not to mess with GB yet) ● Townshend Acts 1767- import taxes for the colonists' products made in Britain, parliament repeals after realizing how strict it is, but kept the one on tea. British give rights for British troops to search homes for any smuggled goods (writs of assistance) o Colonists: Boston tea party- protest against British monopoly on tea, colonists dressed up as Native Americans and dumped tea in Boston Harbor. Made Britain mad →led to Intolerable Acts. ● Coercive/Intolerable Acts 1774: Britain shuts all ports in Boston and told colonists they could not trade unless they paid for the tea. The War for Independence ● The war was mostly fought in the north where the merchants were since they were the ones who suffered the most. The south didn't want war since England was the primary country that the colonists traded tobacco with. o First Continental Congress 1774: Delegates from every colony- Georgia came to assert their right as English men. “How are we going to boycott these taxes?” o Lexington and Concord 1775: Battle between British soldiers and American minutemen outside Boston. It was an accident, no one knows who shot first. Started the war. o Second Continental Congress 1775: Colonies meet to create a Continental Army and prepare for war against Britain. o Battle of Saratoga 1777: Victory for colonists, convinces French to join the war. o Treaty of Alliances 1778: Franklin convinced France to ally with colonists to defeat British. They send food, troops, weapons, etc. o Battle of Yorktown 1781: French and continental troops convince Cornwallis to surrender (colonial victory) o Treaty of Paris 1783: Recognized that the US is a free and sovereign nation that is independent from Britain. Inspired other rebellions. Important Revolutionaries: ● John Locke: natural rights ● Thomas Paine: Common Sense → attacked British monarchy, provided rationale for American independence. Easy to understand. ● Adam Smith: wealth of nations, talks about a free market, no mercantilism, capitalism is better. ● George Washington: leader of the first Continental Army, first president ● Samuel Adams: founder of Sons of Liberty, which planned attacks. Wanted to punish Loyalists. ● John Adams: defense attorney for the British troops in the Boston massacre, showed Britain that the US is able to negotiate and has civil rights. ● Thomas Jefferson: wrote the Declaration of Independence (the final straw saying we are going to be independent) ● Alexander Hamilton: wrote 51 Federalist papers, and as treasurer, had a financial plan o Pay off debt (federal gov should assume the war debt) o Taxes (whiskey, etc) o Protective tariff o National Bank (all the money is consolidated) ■ Andrew Jackson vetoed the bank (McCulloch v Maryland ruled that unconstitutional), led to panic of 1837 The New Government Challenges: ● New country needs unity, military protection, a functioning government and must live up to the Declaration of Independence. ● Many divisions: religious, ethnic, state vs state, regional, east vs west, urban vs rural, rich vs poor ● Needed a constitution for law and governing the new United States ● Money ● Very quick expansion Articles of Confederation (was designed to be NOT like GB governing!) ● Involved coinage, postage, a unicameral legislature, congressional control over Native Americans, NW Ordinance of 1787, banned slavery North of the Ohio River o BUT they could not tax the states, pay the army, ● States could have their own currency, making interstate commerce hard ● Shay’s Rebellion showed them they needed the Constitution (rebellion by debtor farmers in Massachusetts because states could tax at any rate they wanted) ● This led to the Constitutional Convention about what to do (Feds v Antifeds, Constitution vs no Constitution unless Bill of Rights) The Constitution ● Timeline: o 1787-constitution written o 1788-ratified o 1789- goes into effect ● Included: o Bicameral legislature- New Jersey v Virginia Plan (small states v big states for representation in congress) which led to a bicameral legislature o Checks and balances were put in place o 3/5 Compromise counted African Americans as 3/5 (slave states wanted to count as more people for more representation) o Electoral college: a compromise between the election of president by a vote in Congress and the election of the president by a direct popular vote of qualified citizens o Direct election: white men who were landowners can directly elect their representatives. ● Whiskey Rebellion (in response to Hamilton’s whiskey tax) proved the strength of the Constitution because Washington sent an army to shut it down ● Views of the parties: o Federalists: in favor of ratification (Madison, Washington, Hamilton) mostly from north and urban areas, wrote the federalist papers to sway the public in favor of ratification - Property owners vote -Loose interpretation of the Constitution -Army -National Bank -Strong central government o Anti-Federalists: opposed ratification (Jefferson), feared that a strong central government would get too powerful and destroy democracy. Argued that the constitution did not protect individual rights→ led to the writing of the Bill of Rights by the Federalists. (Later became the Democratic-Republicans) -Strict interpretation -Agricultural economy -France alignment -Educated voters The Early Republic Foreign Policy (1783-1800) ● French Revolution: uprising against king of France by the lower class French spread into a global conflict o Proclamation of Neutrality 1793: Washington proclaimed that the US would give NO military support to the French in their war against the British o Citizen Genet Affair 1793: Citizen Genet, a French ambassador to the US during the Revolution, was placed in America to bring support to the French in their war. Endangered American neutrality by forming militias to fight the British ● Jay's Treaty 1795: (Washington) treaty between US and Great Britain that helped ensure American neutrality in the French/British issue. Angered Dem-Republicans who were shocked that the US would ally with their enemy. ● XYZ affair 1797: envoys to France were told the US would need to loan France money and bribe government officials as a precondition to meeting with French. US envoys are bribed to talk about peace during the revolution, angers the US and starts the Quasi Wars (naval wars) between France and US ● Pinckney's Treaty 1795: between US and Spain, granted U.S. navigation rights on the Mississippi River and full access to the port of New Orleans. Important Acts: ● Alien and Sedition Acts: law passed by the US congress during the Adams administration that prevented immigrants from participating in politics (alien) and silenced those who criticized the Federalist party and U.S. government (sedition) o Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions: statements written by Madison and Jefferson in secret in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, asserted the right of the states to nullify a federal law (compact theory)