Introduction to Sociology Final Exam 50 Answers

MULTIPLE CHOICE (2 points each). 1. _____ is the ability to coerce the behaviors of others despite resistance or opposition. a. b. c. d. Power Authority Persuasion Rule 2. A/n _____ is a set of people who identify with a common national origin, language, or cultural heritage. a. b. c. d. ethnic group racial group immigration group family 3. What is the current-day relationship between age and the likelihood of voting? a. As age increases, the likelihood of voting decreases. b. As age increases, the likelihood of voting increases. c. As age increases, the likelihood of women’s voting decreases. d. As age increases, the likelihood of men’s, but not women’s, voting increases. 4. Upward intergenerational social mobility, where people attain a higher socioeconomic status than that of their parents/caregivers, is _________________. a. b. c. d. the most common pattern across generations in the U.S. the most common pattern for non-Latino Whites, but not for other ethnic groups. about likely as is attaining the same adult socioeconomic as one’s parents/caregivers. an uncommon exception to the typical U.S. pattern. 5. The crude birth rate is limited as a measure of a population’s true fertility levels because ____________. a. b. c. d. it includes the population of men. it does not include babies born to undocumented immigrants. it does not include women over 50. it includes births to a nation’s citizens regardless of their location at the time of childbirth. 6. For many immigrants to the U.S., the connections they have with people already in the U.S. are important for finding jobs, housing, and other resources. This is an example of the importance of _____________. a. social capital b. personal capital c. resource pooling d. cultural capital 7. In a/n _____ stratification system, a person is permitted to change social positions if s/he can achieve it. a. b. c. d. closed open caste hierarchical 8. A clear division of gender roles helps society operate smoothly. Which sociological perspective does this statement best illustrate? a. b. c. d. e. Marxist/conflict functionalist symbolic interactionist feminist critical race theory 9. A _____ is a planned, organized activity to promote or resist some particular social change in society. a. collective b. mob c. social movement d. riot 10. A group of people who have similar social standing based on wealth, income, education, and/or occupational prestige is called a ___________________________. a. b. c. d. social category. social group. social class. social aggregate. 11. _____ is the assignment of students to specific education programs and classes on the basis of test scores, perceived ability, or previous performance. a. Sorting b. Tracking c. Schooling d. Credentialism 12. Of the main general sociological theories we have learned this term, the “Doing Gender” framework, is most closely connected with _______________________________ theory. a. b. c. d. e. symbolic interactionist functionalist Marxist/conflict Feminist social exchange 13. Placement in AP/honors classes and the use of standardized tests can be used as gatekeeping tools in education and can contribute to inequality in educational attainment. The social theory that would be most focused on this is ______________. a. b. c. d. functionalism social exchange theory symbolic interactionism Marxist/conflict theory 14. Biological characteristics (anatomy, hormones, etc.) are most directly relevant to one’s _____________. a. gender. b. gender roles. c. sexual identity. d. sex. 15. While the U.S. economy has expanded since the late 1960s, income inequality has __________. a. decreased. b. fluctuated. c. stayed the same. d. increased. 16. Imagine a situation in which an authority figure at school reacts with physical force against a student who has brazenly broken a rule. Although the authority figure’s actions may have temporarily resulted in more student compliance in the classroom, over the longer term, it eroded the student body’s respect for their teachers’ position at the school. This is an example of ___________________. a. abuse of power b. the power-differential effect c. the de-legitimization of power d. the paradox of authority 17. Gender inequality is socially constructed in everyday life. Which sociological perspective does this statement best exemplify? a. b. c. d. e. functionalist Marxist/conflict feminist symbolic interactionist social exchange 18. _____ is/are a perception of one’s self on a continuum from masculine to feminine. a. Gender b. Gender roles c. Gender identity d. Sex 19. When demographers study fertility, mortality, and migration, they are most likely studying __________. a. population change b. suburban areas c. rural areas d. economic decline 20. In class, we identified the four major factors that explain the sharp rise in women’s labor force participation in the latter part of the 20th century. Of the options given below, the explanation that was not included in this list of factors is ______________. a. b. c. d. the increase in divorce rates the rise of the women’s movement the expansion of the service sector the decrease in fertility 21. Which of the following is not a major social institution? a. b. c. d. e. the family the economy education a police department religion 22. Stratification (inequality) is both necessary and inevitable. This statement best represents which theoretical perspective? a. conflict b. symbolic interactionist c. functionalist d. exchange theory 23. The gender pay gap increases as the level of educational attainment _______. a. b. c. d. decreases. becomes more similar for men and women. increases, but only for non-Latino whites. increases. 24. Prejudice is a matter of ____ whereas discrimination is a matter of _____. a. b. c. d. social structure; choice attitudes; actions actions; attitudes choice; social structure 25. _____ is/are based on social and cultural expectations, not on the impact of physical traits. a. b. c. d. Sex Gender identity Gender Sex roles 26. Which of the following types of authority (Weber) has only a formal source of authority? a. b. c. d. traditional charismatic rational/legal mixed 27. Of the factors listed below, the persistent economic advantage of the “upper class” in the U.S. is most directly tied to the fact that it has the vast majority of the nation’s ____________. a. b. c. d. wealth income prestige traditional authority 28. Of the various reasons a social movement might decline, _____________ best describes a situation in which the group’s leadership shifted toward an outside group that helped fund the movement. a. distraction b. repression c. manipulation d. authority shift e. co-optation 29. In _____, minority group members experience unequal treatment and opportunities due to the everyday operations of a society’s laws, rules, policies, practices and customs. a. individual discrimination b. prejudice c. institutional discrimination d. scapegoating 30. According to the “Doing Gender” framework, secondary sex characteristics, clothing, and hair style are examples of ___________________ cues, which help to identify a person as either male or female. a. b. c. d. sex gender gender category sex category 31. The Gray family owns several large pieces of land in the country. The land that they own is part of the Gray family’s _______________. a. b. c. d. income. power. prestige. wealth. 32. The physical and/or social separation of dominant and minority groups is called ___________________. a. b. c. d. e. pluralism genocide. internal colonialism. segregation. assimilation. 33. _____ is a process of social and economic change due to the reduction of industrial activity, especially manufacturing. a. b. c. d. Underdevelopment Conglomeration Deindustrialization Unionization 34. _____ mostly emphasize the benefits of education as an institution in their analyses. a. Critical Race theorists b. Functionalists c. Conflict theorists d. Symbolic interactionists e. Feminist theorists 35. The town of Stewartville has 300 families. In a study of Stewartville, these 300 families are an example of a/n a. urban area. b. sample. c. population. d. ecology. 36. The type of authority that is based on the idea that appointed or elected political leaders are legitimate is called _____________. a. b. c. d. rational-legal religious traditional charismatic 37. A/n _____ is any physically or culturally distinctive group that has the most economic and political power. a. b. c. d. popular group apartheid group majority group principle group 38. Western societies have historically tended to have a/n _____ family household structure. a. patriarchal b. extended c. nuclear d. matriarchal 39. Dr. Manning has her diplomas framed and hanging on her office wall. This is an example of ___. a. gatekeeping. b. the hidden curriculum. c. credentialism. d. intelligence. 40. Racial hierarchies are supported and perpetuated through economic inequality. This statement best represents the views of _______________. a. b. c. d. functionalists. symbolic interactionists. Marxist/conflict theorists. exchange theorists. 41. A breadwinner/homemaker arrangement in the family – or at least an arrangement based on complementary gender roles - helps promote marital stability. Which sociological perspective does this statement best illustrate? a. exchange b. functionalist c. Marxist/conflict d. symbolic interactionist e. critical race theory 42. When demographers studying a population decide to measure the number of working-age people compared to the number of young and old people, they are focusing most directly on _______ . a. internal migration. b. economic development c. dependency ratios d. fertility rates 43. Which theory of social movements is best represented by the following statement? “People are concerned with what they think they should have based on a comparison to others.” a. new social movements theory b. mass society theory c. relative deprivation theory d. resource mobilization theory 44. One transition in divorce in the U.S. was the shift from the Divorce Tolerance Era (mid 19c-1970s) to the Era of Unrestricted Divorce. This transition was closely tied to an economic shift in the U.S., which was ___________________________________. a. a growth in wages among men without a college degree. b. the Industrial Revolution c. an increase in women’s participation in the labor force d. globalization 45. Larry, an average high school student, starting earning As in his math class because his teacher was supportive, encouraging, and told Larry that he had innate math ability. The improvement in Larry’s grades in this situation are an example of ________. a. a self-fulfilling prophecy. b. manifest function. c. democratic teaching. d. hidden curriculum. 46. The 1969 Stonewall Riots are widely agreed to be the beginning of the gay rights movement in the U.S. These riots were themselves sparked by a police raid of the Stonewall Inn. According to the Structural Strain Theory’s approach to collective behavior, the police raid is a good example of _____________. a. a precipitating factor. b. structural conduciveness. c. structural strain. d. mobilizing people for action. 47. One consequence of urbanization is __________, a term that describes the process of middle-class and affluent people buying and renovating homes and businesses in downtown urban neighborhoods. a. exurbanization b. gentrification c. suburbanization d. segregation 48. According to our discussion in class, the __________ function of the family centers on caregiving and dependency, while the __________ function of the family is about emotional support among economically interdependent people. a. instrumental; social b. public; private c. economic; social d. expressive; instrumental 49. Due to deindustrialization and globalization of labor, the U.S. income gap has widened since the mid20th century, especially between ______________________. a. people with and people without a college education. b. women with and women without a college education. c. men with and men without a college education. d. older people with and older people without a college education. 50. Some research on urbanization finds that people in cities are typically more tolerant of diversity than those in rural areas, but that the interactions and social relationships in urban areas tend to be more superficial than those in rural areas. This statement is most connected with the focus of which theory? a. functionalism b. conflict c. feminist d. critical race e. symbolic interactionism