Chemistry: Atomic Structure, Isotopes, and Ions Questions 1. Consider the three fundamental particles: electron (e-), proton (p+), neutron (n°). (a) Which one has the smallest mass? e- (b) Which one is uncharged? n° (c) Which one is found outside the nucleus? e- (d) Which two have nearly the same mass? p+, n° 2. Complete the following table using the information given. Chemical Symbol Atomic Number Number of Protons Mass Number Number of Electrons Number of Neutrons Net Charge ²²²Rn 86 86 222 86 136 0 ¹³⁷Ba²⁺ 56 56 137 54 81 +2 ⁴⁸Ti 22 22 48 22 26 0 ³⁵Br⁻ 35 35 80 36 45 -1 ³⁹K⁺ 19 19 39 18 20 +1 3. Consider the table below: Atom (Ion) of Element a b c d e f g Number of Electrons 5 7 9 10 7 6 9 Number of Protons 5 7 10 10 7 5 10 Mass Number 10 14 20 20 15 11 19 (a) Which of the above species are electrically neutral? a, b, e, g (b) Which are negatively charged? d, f (c) Which species are isotopes of the same element? b and e, a and f (d) Using the periodic table, write the conventional symbol for b, d, and f. b = ¹⁴N d = ²⁰Ne²⁻ f = ¹¹B⁻ 4. How does the number of protons compare to the number of electrons in: (a) an anion? more e⁻ (b) a cation? less e⁻ 5. (a) How do the chemical properties of ¹²C and ¹⁴C compare? The chemical properties of isotopes are the same. b) How do the physical properties of ¹²C and ¹⁴C compare? The physical properties of isotopes are different. 6. Consider the data table below: Atom (Ion) of Element a b c d e f g Number of Electrons 12 10 12 13 14 16 10 Number of Protons 12 10 12 13 14 16 10 Mass Number 24 20 24 27 28 32 20 a. Which of the above species are negatively charged? f b. Which species are isotopes of the same element? a and c, d c. Using your periodic table give the conventional chemical symbol (including charge) for species A, B, and F. a = Mg b = Al³⁺ f = S²⁻ 7. What must be done to a neutral chlorine atom in order to change it into Cl⁻? Be specific. The chlorine atom must gain an electron. 8. Complete the following table: Chemical Symbol Atomic Number Number of Neutrons Mass Number Number of Electrons Net Charge ³⁹K⁺ 19 20 39 18 +1 ¹⁰⁶Pd²⁺ 46 60 106 44 +2 ³²S²⁻ 16 16 32 18 -2 ²⁰⁹Bi³⁺ 83 126 209 80 +3 9. Which two fundamental particles (e⁻, p⁺, n°) have about the same mass? p⁺ and n° 10. What fundamental particle accounts for virtually all of an atom's volume? e⁻ 11. Exactly how does an atom of P differ from P³⁻? A P atom has 15 protons and 15 electrons. A P³⁻ ion has 15 protons and 18 electrons. 12. Given a neutral iron atom (Fe), what must be done to it in order to make it into a Fe²⁺ cation? Fe atom must lose 2 electrons.