Eng Imperatives Notes

Imperatives: We can use the imperative to give a direct order. 1. Take that chewing gum out of your mouth. 2. Stand up straight. 3. Give me the details. We can use the imperative to give instructions. 1. Open your book. 2. Take two tablets every evening. 3. Take a left and then a right. We can use the imperative to make an invitation. 1. Come in and sit down. Make yourself at home. 2. Please start without me. I'll be there shortly. 3. Have a piece of this cake. It's delicious. We can use the imperative on signs and notices. 1. Push. 2. Do not use. 3. Insert one dollar. We can use the imperative to give friendly informal advice. 1. Speak to him. Tell him how you feel. 2. Have a quiet word with her about it. 3. Don't go. Stay at home and rest up. Get some sleep and recover. We can make the imperative 'more polite' by adding 'do'.    Do be quiet. Do come. Do sit down. Definition of Anaphora In writing or speech, the deliberate repetitionof the first part of the sentence in order to achieve an artistic effect is known as Anaphora. Anaphora, possibly the oldest literary device, has its roots in Biblical Psalms used to emphasize certain words or phrases. Gradually, Elizabethan and Romantic writers brought this device into practice. Examine the following psalm: “O LORD, rebuke me not in thine anger, neither chasten me in thy hot displeasure. Have mercy upon me, O LORD; for I am weak: O LORD, heal me; for my bones are vexed. My soul is also sore vexed: but thou, O LORD, how long?” THE ELLIPSIS AN ELLIPSIS [ … ] PROVES TO BE A HANDY DEVICE when you're quoting material and you want to omit some words. The ellipsis consists of three evenly spaced dots (periods) with spaces between the ellipsis and surrounding letters or other marks. Let's take the sentence, "The ceremony honored twelve brilliant athletes from the Caribbean who were visiting the U.S." and leave out "from the Caribbean who were": The ceremony honored twelve brilliant athletes … visiting the U.S. Definition of Aphorism Aphorism is a statement of truth or opinion expressed in a concise and witty manner. The term is often applied to philosophical, moral and literary principles. Definition of Hyperbole Hyperbole, derived from a Greek word meaning “over-casting” is a figure of speech, which involves an exaggeration of ideas for the sake of emphasis. It is a device that we employ in our day-to-day speech. For instance, when you meet a friend after a long time, you say, “Ages have passed since I last saw you”. You may not have met him for three or four hours or a day, but the use of the word “ages” exaggerates this statement to add emphasis to your wait. What Are Participles? A participle is a word formed from a verb which can be used as an adjective. The two types of participles are the present participle (ending ing) and the past participle (usually ending -ed, -d, -t, -en, or -n). Here are some participles being used as adjectives: The Verb The Past Participle The Present Participle To rise the risen sun the rising sun To boil the boiled water the boiling water To break the broken news the breaking news To cook the cooking ham the cooked ham Participle Phrases It is really common to see participles in participle phrases. A participle phrase also acts like an adjective. In the examples below, the participle phrases are shaded and the participles are in bold:  The man carrying the bricks is my father. (The participle phrase carrying the bricks describes the the man.)  She showed us a plate of scones crammed with cream. (The participle phrase crammed with cream describes the scones.) Definition: A rhetorical term for a sentence style that employs manycoordinating conjunctions (the opposite of asyndeton). Adjective: polysyndetic. "Despite their formidable names, polysyndetonand asyndeton are nothing more than different ways of handling a list or a series. Polysyndeton places a conjunction (and, or) after every term in the list (except, of course, the last). Asyndeton uses no conjunctions and separates the terms of the list with commas. Both differ from the conventional treatment of lists and series, which is to use only commas between all items except the last two, these being joined by a conjunction (with or without a comma--it is optional)." Definition of Parallelism Parallelism is the use of components in a sentence that are grammatically the same; or similar in their construction, sound, meaning or meter. Parallelism examples are found in literary works as well as in ordinary conversations. This method adds balance and rhythm to sentences giving ideas a smoother flow and thus can be persuasive because of therepetition it employs. For example, “Alice ran into the room, into the garden, and into our hearts.”