Cultural Appropriation Definition

Vocab Culture- a group of belief systems, norms, and values prac-ticed by a people Folk culture- is small, incor-porates a homogeneous population, is typically rural, and is cohesive in cultural traits Popular culture- is large, incorporates heterogeneous populations, is typically urban, and experiences quickly changing cultural traits Local culture- is a group of people in a particular place who see themselves as a collective or a community, who share experiences, customs, and traits, and who work to preserve those traits and customs in order to claim uniqueness and to distinguish themselves from others. Material culture- of a group of people includes things they construct, such as art, houses, clothing, sports, dance, and foods Nonmaterial culture- includes beliefs, practices, aesthetics , and values of a group of people Hearth- the point of origin. Custom- a practice that a group of people routinely follows. Cultural appropriation- the process by which other cultures adopt customs and knowledge and use them for their own benefit. Neolocalism- seeking out the regional culture and reinvigorating it in response to the uncertainty of the modern world. Commodification- an object to be bought or sold becomes an object that can be bought, sold, and traded in the world market Reterritorialization- of popular culture: a term referring to a process in which people start to produce an aspect of popular culture themselves Cultural landscapes- the visible imprint of human activity on the landscape. Placelessness- to describe the loss of uniqueness of place in the cultural landscape to the point that one place looks like the next. Glocalization- people in a local place mediate and alter regional, national and global process Time—space compression- explains how quickly innovations diffuse and refers to how interlinked two places are through transportation and communication technologies Uniform landscape-Spatial expression of a popular custom in one location is similar to another. Notes Popular Culture -- In popular culture, fashion trends spread very quickly through the interconnected world; it is a classic case of hier-archical diffusion -- Popular culture diffuses hierarchically in the context of time— space compression, with diffusion happening most rapidly across the most compressed spaces. -- A hearth begins with contagious diffusion: Developers of an idea or innovation may find they have followers who dress as they do or listen to the music they play. -- Popular culture changes quickly, offering new music, foods, fashions, and sports. --Popular culture envelops and infiltrates local cultures, presenting constant challenges to members of local cultures. Local Culture -- Geographers realize that local cultures will interpret, choose, and reshape the influx of popular culture -- Customs from local cultures are often commodified, propelling them into popular culture. --"authentic" local culture custom generally ends up promoting a stereotyped local culture or glorifying a single aspect of that local culture. --Local culture or glorifying a single aspect of that local culture. Local culture, like popular culture, is dynamic and the pursuit of authenticity disregards the complexity and fluidity of cultures. Culture Landscape -- Cultural landscapes reflect the values, norms, and aesthetics of a culture -- By studying cultural landscapes, you can gain insight into the social structures of local cultures. Folk Culture --Folk culture to be a limiting concept because it requires us to create a list of characteristics and look for cultures that meet the list --Folk Culture is transmitted slowly and on a small scale primarily through migration (relocation diffusion) Vocab Gender- ¨a culture's assumptions the between men and women: their 'characters,' the roles they play in society, what they represent." Identity- as "how we make sense of ourselves." Races- people identify are tied to physical attributes of humans that have developed over time as modern humans spread around the world. Residential segregation- as the "degree to which two or more groups live separately from one another in different parts of the urban environment." Succession- New immigrants to a city often move to low-income areas that are being gradually abandoned by older immi-grant groups. Ethnicity- and identity stems from the notion that people are closely bounded, even related, in a certain place over time Space- "social relations stretched out" Place- "partic-ular articulations of those social relations as they have come together, over time, in that particular location. Power relationships- are assumptions and structures about who is in control and who has power over others. Notes Identity --construct our own identities through experiences, emotions, connections, and rejections. --An identity is a snapshot, an image of who we are at that moment. --To identify against, we first define the "Other," and then we define our-selves in opposing terms. --One of the most powerful foci of identity in the modern world is the state. Identity ● Language ● Religion ● Race ● Gender ● Sexuality ● Ethnicity Ethnicity --"ethnic" comes from the ancient Greek word ethnos, meaning "people" or "nation." --Ethnic identity is greatly affected by scale and place. --Even if the ethnic population in a region is small, ethnic-group identity and consciousness can have a lasting effect on the cultural landscape Power relationships --Power relationships also affect cultural landscapes by deter-mining what is seen and what is not. --Power relationships can also subjugate entire groups of people, enabling society to enforce ideas about the ways people should behave or where people should be welcomed or turned away—thus altering the distribution of peoples --The statistics governments collect and report reflect the power relationships involved in defining what is valued and what is not. Vulnerable Populations --Geographers use mapping and spatial analy-sis to predict and explain what populations or people will be affected most by natural hazards, by environmental policies. --Geographer Joseph Oppong recognized that the spatial analysis of a disease can reveal what populations are most vulnerable in a country. Women --Migration flows, birth rates. and child mortality rates affect the gender composition of cities, states, and regions. Vocab Language- is a set of sounds and symbols that is used for communication. Dialects- variants of a standard language along regional or ethnic lines. Lingua franca- is a language used among speakers of different languages for the purposes of trade and commerce. Monolingual states-countries where almost everyone speaks the same language Multilingualism-the use of more than one language by sec-tors of the population. global language- means a common language of trade and commerce used around the world, the picture looks rather different Toponyms- geographers call place-names. Isogloss- is a geographic boundary within which a particular linguistic feature occurs, but such a boundary is rarely a simple line. Cognate- is a word that has the same linguistic derivation as another word. Notes Language and culture --language is one of the cornerstones of culture; it shapes our very thoughts. --Who we are as a culture, as a people, is reinforced and redefined moment by moment through shared language --Language reflects where a culture has been, what a culture values, even how people in a culture think, describe, and experience events. --The global mosaic of languages reflects centuries of diver-gence, convergence, extinction, and diffusion. What is language? --Mutual intelligibility means that two people can understand each other when speaking. Standardized Language --Technologically advanced societies are likely to have a standard language, one that is published, widely distributed, and purposely taught Dialects --Differences in vocabulary, syntax, pronunciation, cadence (the rhythm of speech), and even the pace of speech all mark a speaker's dialect. -- Dialects nearest to each other geographically will be the most similar (greater spatial interaction), but as you travel across space, the dialects become less intelligible to each other because less interaction occurs Language Distribution --At the global scale, we classify languages into language families. --We break language families into subfamilies (divisions within a language family), where the commonalities are more definite and their origin is more recent. Language formation --Indo-European language called Proto-lndo_ European, which in turn gave rise to modern languages from Scandinavia to North Africa and from North America through parts of Asia to Australia. --Language families that occur less frequently suggest that Proto-Indo-European was, in turn, an outgrowth of an earlier Proto-Eurasiatic LOCATING THE HEARTH OF PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN --language divergence, which occurs when spatial interaction among speakers of a language breaks down and the language fragments first into dialects and then into discrete tongues. --Through backward reconstruction (tracking shifting consonants and cognates back in an effort to reconstruct elements of a prior common lan-guage), linguists and linguistic geographers can provide insight into how languages fit together and where the branches were once joined. --language convergence can take place, collapsing two languages into one TRACING THE ROUTES OF DIFFUSION OF PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN --The conquest theory provides one explanation for the dominance of Indo-European tongues in the wake of these migrations. --his theory holds that early speakers of Proto-Indo-European spread from east to west on horseback, overpowering earlier inhabitants and beginning the diffusion and differentiation of An alternative agricultural theory proposes that Proto-Indo-European spread with the diffusion of agricultural The Language of Europe --The Germanic languages (English, German, Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish) reflect the expansion of peoples out of Northern Europe to the west and south. --The Slavic languages (Russian, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Ukrainian, Slovenian, SerboCroatian, and Bulgarian) devel-oped as Slavic people migrated from a base in presentday Ukraine close to 2000 years ago. Lingua Franca --When people speaking two or more languages are in contact and they combine parts of their languages in a simplified structure and vocabulary, we call it a pidgin language. --A Creole language is a pidgin language that has developed a more complex structure and vocabulary and has become the native language of a group of people. Multilingualism --multilingualism—the use of more than one language by sec-tors of the population. --monolingual states—countries where almost everyone speaks the same language --Countries in which more than one language is in use are called multilingual states. Official Languages --Countries with linguistic fragmentation often adopt an official language (or languages) to tie the people together --States adopt an official language in an effort to promote communication and interaction among peoples who speak different local and regional languages. The Prospect of a Global Language -- English is now the standard language of international business and travel (the lingua franca), much of contemporary popular culture bears the imprint of Eng-1ish, and the computer and telecommunications revolution relies heavily on the use of English terminology. --Place has a unique location and constitutes a reflection of human activities, ideas, and tangible, durable creations. Toponyms --Such names often refer to the social processes going on in a particular area, and these may determine whether a toponym is passed down or changed, how the people will interpret the history of a place, and how the people will see a place. --A toponym can give us a quick glimpse into the history of a place. Simply by knowing who named the place and how the name was chosen helps us understand the uniqueness of that place. Stewart's ten categories of toponyms ● Descriptive ● Associative ● Commemorative ● Commendatory ● Incidents ● Possession ● Folk ● Manufactured ● Mistakes ● Shift Changing Toponyms --Toponyms are part of the cultural landscape --Changes in place-names give us an idea of the layers of history, the layers of cultural landscape in a place. Religion --Religion and language lie at the foundation of culture: Both confer and reflect identity. --Religions diffuse through both contagious and hierar-chical forms of expansion diffusion, as well as through reloca-tion diffusion. --The cultural landscape is marked by religion—most obviously by church, synagogues, temples, and mosques, cemeteries and shrines, statues and symbols --Religion is also proclaimed in modes of dress (veils, turbans) and personal habits (beards, ritual scars). --The outward display of religious beliefs often reveals the inward structure of a religion. --Rituals may mark impor-tant events in people's lives: birth and death, attainment of adulthood, or marriage. --the caste system locks people into particular social classes and imposes many restrictions, especially in the lowest of the castes and in those considered beneath the caste system, Dalits. Secularism- is the indifference to or rejection of formal religion Religion-Belief in a higher power(s). Universalizing Religion- Appeals to all people worldwide. Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, Sikhism, Baha'i Ethnic Religion- Appeals to people within one group/location. Hinduism, Judaism, Confucianism, Daoism, Shintoism, Shamanism --Hierarchical Religions Religions that have a structure of power. --Autonomous Religions Religions that are self-sufficient and are local. --Monotheism Belief in one deity. --Polytheism Belief in more than one deity. --Animism Belief that objects or natural events possess a spirit (Native Americans, Africans) Christianity --Monotheistic religion based on the teachings of Jesus, universalizing --Branches of Christianity Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Protestant Islam --A monotheistic religion based on Mohammed's teachings. Five Pillars of Faith in Islam ● Allah is the one true god ● Followers must pray five times per day towards Mecca ● Followers must donate to charity ● Followers must fast during the month of Ramadan ● Followers must make the Hajj --Origin and Founder of Islam Arabian Peninsula - Mohammed --Place of Worship for Islam Mosque --Hajj A pilgrimage to Mecca during the holy month of Ramadan Buddhism --Religion based on the teachings of Buddha, suffering is caused by desires, grew out of Hinduism, belief in reincarnation, polytheistic and universalizing --A religion based on the teachings of the Buddha. Four Noble Truths of Buddhism ● All living beings endure suffering ● Suffering leads to reincarnation ● The goal of existence is to escape suffering to reach Nirvana ● Nirvana is attained through the Eightfold Path --Origin and Founder of Buddhism India - Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha) --Place of Worship for Buddhism Shrines Judaism --Monotheistic religion based on the teachings of Abraham, oldest monotheistic religion, ethnic religion --The scattering of Jews after the Roman destruction of Jerusa-lem is known as the diaspora—a term that now signifies the spatial dispersion of members of any ethnic group. Hinduism --Religion based on reincarnation, multiple gods, caste system, cremation --Ethnic Religion Holidays Holidays deal with agricultural events. --Taliban vs Western Ideology The Taliban oppose the Western way of life, which diffused to the Middle East. --Communism vs Religion Communist governments are generally non-religious and challenge organized religion --Hinduism vs Equality The Hindu caste system favors higher castes. --Agnosticism Belief that there may be a higher power(s). --Fundamentalism A literal interpretation of religion. --Secularism A separation of religion and government.