Chapter 2 Population and Health

Ch. 2 Populaon and Health Key Issue 3 Why Do Some Places Face Health Challenges? I. HEALTH AND GENDER 1. The health of women affects not just women, but… their children 2. The risk for females is especially acute for both women and babies at __childbirth__. 3. a. Define sex rao: number of males per 100 females in a given populaon b. What is the naturally occurring sex rao? 105 males to 100 females c. What region/countries are not adhering to the standard sex rao? i. causes? girls ii. root cause? cultural preference to have sons, not daughters, and the one-child policy iii. impact of technology, government response, & effects? ultrasounds allow parents to determine the gender of the baby before it is born iv. unintended effects? too many men and not enough women to marry d. Refer to Figure 2-20. Sex raos (and other demographic data such as maternal mortality rates and infant mortality rates) vary not only from country to country but also across __regions__ within a country. 4. a. Define maternal mortality rate: the annual number of female deaths per 100,000 live births b. What is the typical maternal mortality rate in developed countries? 8 in Europe and 14 in the USA c. What is the typical maternal mortality rate in developing countries? 400 in Subsaharan Africa d. What are some causes of the disparity between the maternal mortality rate in developed and developing countries? medical facilies advanced technologies loss of blood lack of trained doctors e. How does the United States maternal mortality rate comparable to that of other developed countries? Causes? Europe-8 us-14 no health insurance II. HEALTH AND AGING 5. A country’s stage in the DTM determines the percentage of people in different ___age groups___. 6. a. Define populaon pyramid: a bar graph that displays the percentage of a place’s populaon for each age and gender b. How many years are found in each age group/cohort? 4 years c. What does the length of the bar represent? percent of the total populaon d. Which gender is typically shown on the le side of the graph? Right side? le side-male right side-female e. (Think!) Which demographic measure primarily determines the shape of the pyramid? how many people are a certain age determines the length and steepness of the chart 7. a. Define dependency rao: number of people too young or too old to work compared to people in working years b. Dependents = under age of 15 or over the age of 65 c. A large dependency rao indicates… greater financial burden d. Which region of the world has the highest dependency rao? europe-52% africa-85% e. How does the proporon of the two dependency groups in European and sub-Saharan Africa differ AND impact the sociees differently? Africa is 85% showing youth dependency rao 8. a. Define infant mortality rate (IMR): the annual number of deaths of infants under 1 year of age compared to live births c. Which regions of the world have high IMRs? Africa middle east d. IMR in developed v. developing countries AND causes: well trained doctors, modern hospitals, large supplies of medicine 9. a. The “graying” of a populaon refers to… aging populaon b. While this phenomenon should reflect beer medical care and/or a higher standard of living in a developed country, what challenges does it pose? a burden on developed countries to meet their needs for income and medical care aer they rere from jobs 10. a. Define elderly support rao: number of working-age people (ages 15 to 64) divided by the number of persons 65 and older b. World’s current elderly support rao: 9 people of working age for every elderly person c. 2050 projected world elderly support rao: expected to decline to around 4 people of working age available to support elderly rered people Refer to Figure 2-25. Are elderly support rao projecons impacng developed and developing countries differently? Jusfy your answer. there are more births than deaths but as death rates decrease, so do birth rates e. Challenges deriving from a low/decreasing elderly support rao: the fewer working people there are to take the place of elderly non-working people will result in a smaller populaon of young workers to improve the industry. This will affect the industry III. MEDICAL SERVICES 11. Compare health care expenditure BOTH in terms of annual per capita spending and as a percentage of government spending: a. Europe - $1000 per capita spending; 70% government costs b. The U.S. - $5000 per capita spending; 45% government costs c. Sub-Saharan Africa & South Asia – less than $100; less than 5% d. Developed countries don’t just spend high amounts on healthcare, but they spend… higher percentage 12. Compare the number of hospital beds and doctors in developed and developing countries: a. Developed: 50 beds per 10,000 b. Developing: >30 beds per 10,000 13. Compare how the “burden” of healthcare costs differs between developed and developing countries: a. Developed: government provides 70% b. Developing: Individuals put more than half the cost of health care 14. Challenges to health services: a. Causes: Economic growth has slowed with percent of people needing assistance has increased b. Effects: Government can reduce benefits or increase taxes to pay for them IV. THE EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRANSITION 15. Define epidemiology: Medical science is concerned with incidence, distribuon, and control of diseases that are prevalent among the populaon at a given me and are produced by special causes. 16. a. Define epidemiologic transion: causes of disncve health threats in each stage of demographic transion b. The epidemiologic transion was originally formulated by Abdel Omran and extended to Stage 4 by S. Jay Olshansky and Brian Ault. c. The epidemiologic transion is studied in conjuncon with the DTM. Idenfy epidemiologically characteriscs of each stage: i. Stage 1: epidemics and pandemics primary causes of human deaths along with aacks by animals and other humans ii. Stage 2: improved sanitaon, nutrion, and medicine during Industrial Revoluon reduced spread of infecous diseases iii. Stage 3: decrease in deaths from infecous diseases, increase in disorders associated with aging