Geology Quiz Answers Chapter 7

Chapter 7: ● Fluvial refers to ______. ○ the processes and sediment of streams and rivers ● A nearshore water that is sheltered from wave action by a reef or islands will form a(n) ○ Lagoon ● Sedimentary clasts (pieces of other rocks) are formed by ______. ○ transport ○ Weathering ● Sedimentary rocks are usually comprised of material that comes primarily from ______. ○ other locations ■ Sedimentary rocks are made of weathered particles that have usually been transported from their place of origin. ● Rocks rich in what mineral tend to have a poor solubility during weathering? ○ Quartz ● The effect of transportation on a pebble's particle size is best summarized by which statement? ○ Its size decreases. ● What is the most likely location for a lagoon? ○ Between the shore and a reef ■ Lagoons can form in many types of climates. ● Sedimentary clasts are ______. ○ loose fragments of rocks and minerals ● Sediment is often formed from ions in solution. The ions are ________ by inorganic chemical reactions or biological activity (e.g., corals). ○ precipitated, released, or formed ● Clastic sedimentary rocks are classified primarily on the basis of ______. ○ Sediment size ● True or false: Clastic sedimentary rocks are usually comprised of sediment that comes mainly from other locations. ○ True ● The distance that sediment has been transported from its source area is a key factor controlling clast ______, shape, and sorting. ○ Size ● Earth materials that are soluble in water or react to a weak acid commonly have what type of appearance? ○ Pitted ○ Grooved ● Which of these rock types are clastic sedimentary rocks? ○ Shale ○ Sandstone ○ Conglomerate ● As boulders are moved downstream and weathering breaks them into smaller clasts, they first become cobbles, then pebbles, and finally ____ or smaller particles. ● Which process removes excess water from sediment and can reduce the volume of the sediment by 40%? ○ Compaction ● Most of the material contained within nonclastic sedimentary rocks consist of ______. ○ minerals precipitated from solution as water evaporates ○ materials formed through biological activity such as making shells or other hard parts ● The nonclastic sedimentary rock _____ forms from the accumulation of calcium carbonate, often from the remains of animals. ○ Limestone ● Identify the factors that strongly influence the size, shape, and/or sorting of sedimentary clasts. ○ Steepness of slope ○ Strength of current ○ Agents of transport ○ Sediment supply ● After sediment is buried, the process of ______ pushes clasts together and pressure forces out excess water. ○ Compaction ● Nonclastic sedimentary rocks formed by both biological and chemical processes are known as ______ rocks. ○ Biochemical ● Which of the following best describes the way(s) in which limestone forms? ○ A combination of biological and inorganic processes ● A soft, very fine-grained limestone formed via the accumulation of the calcium carbonate remains of microorganisms is known as ______. ○ Chalk ● A formation is defined as ______. ○ a rock unit that is distinct and laterally traceable ■ A formation is likely formed during a distinct time period, but the composition will not vary (significantly). ● The three types of sedimentary layers are graded beds, _____ beds, and parallel beds. ○ Cross ● The movement of the sea across a region that was previously dry is caused by a rise in sea level and/or the lowering of the land surface; this is called a(n) ○ Transgression ● Sedimentary facies shift toward the sea as the sea moves out during a ______. ○ Regression ● Match the nonclastic sedimentary rock with the process by which it typically forms. ○ Rock salt and gypsum ■ Evaporation ○ Dolostone ■ Chemical replacement ○ Chert and iron-rich formations ■ Precipitation ● Geologists use characteristics such as bedding, mudcracks, and color preserved in sedimentary rocks to determine ______. ○ the environment in which the rocks were deposited ● Some of the most informative clues found in sedimentary rocks are indicated by ______ , as they suggest whether the rock was deposited on land or in the water and reveal many specifics about past climatic conditions. ○ Fossils ● What are the three types of beds formed by sedimentary layers? ○ Cross ○ Graded ○ Parallel ● Which of these rocks were deposited completely under water? ○ The middle limestone ○ The grey shales ● The advance of the sea across a region is known as a ______. ○ Transgression ● Match the resource found in sedimentary rocks with its most common, current societal use. ○ Groundwater ■ Fresh supplies essential to life ○ Petroleum ■ Transportation and energy ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ○ Coal ■ Electrical energy ○ Salt ■ Food, medicine, industry ○ Limestone (cement) ■ Construction When the sea retreats because sea level drops and/or land is uplifted, a _______ occurs. ○ Regression Petroleum, coal, and water are all resources found most frequently in ______ rocks. ○ Sedimentary Geologists use ________ rocks to determine past environments of deposition on Earth's surface. These types of rocks preserve a variety of characteristics that might suggest temperature, elevation, geographic location, and changes in climate. ○ Sedimentary What can geologists learn by studying sequences of ancient sedimentary rocks? ○ How climate changed over time ○ How environments changed over time Match the attribute found in sedimentary rocks to the type of information it provides. ○ Bed thickness ■ Small or large depositional events ○ Color ■ Formed on land or in the water ○ Clast size ■ Distance of transportation ○ Fossils ■ Formed on land or in the water, and type of climate ○ Cross beds ■ Direction of wind or water current Match the rock with its environment of deposition. ○ Shale and limestone ■ Shallow sea ○ Red sandstone ■ Large sand dune ○ Tan sandstone with shells ■ Beach sand ○ Breccia ■ Mountainous area Which of these resources are contained in sedimentary rocks? ○ Water ○ Coal ○ Salt ○ Uranium ● By studying ancient sedimentary rocks, scientists can better understand modern _____ processes. ○ geologic, sedimentary, environmental, or surface ○ ○ Left ■ Compression ○ Middle ■ Tension ○ Right ■ Shear