The History of Health and Health Education

Chapter 2 The History of Health and Health Education/Promotion 1) The history of health education as an emerging profession is just over ________ years old. A) 100 B) 500 C) 1,000 D) 5,000 Answer: A 2) It is assumed that the earliest humans initially learned to distinguish between things that were healthful and those that were harmful by A) divine intervention. B) instinct. C) inherited knowledge. D) trial and error. Answer: D 3) The oldest excavated sites, dating back 4000 years, which indicate bathrooms and drains were common were found in A) Rome. B) Mycenea. C) India. D) Syria. Answer: C 4) The ________ is the oldest written document related to health care dating from around 1600 B.C. A) Biblical transcript B) Smith Papyri C) Egyptian Health Manifesto D) Code of HammurabiAnswer: B 5) The ________ is the earliest written record concerning public health. A) Biblical transcript B) Smith Papyri C) Egyptian Health Manifesto D) Code of HammurabiAnswer: D 6) Which book of the Bible is considered to be the world's first written hygienic code? A) Obadiah B) Zephaniah C) Leviticus D) Lamentations 1 Answer: C 7) The Egyptians were considered to be A) far more advanced in public health matters than the Greeks. B) the writers of the earliest health care documents. C) the founders of modern surgery. D) the healthiest people of their time. Answer: D 8) The first people to put as much emphasis on prevention of disease as on the treatment of disease conditions were the A) Egyptians. B) Hebrews. C) Greeks. D) Romans.Answer: C 9) By the beginning of the 8th century B.C., Greek mythology had endowed ________ as the god of medicine. A) Asclepius B) Hygeia C) Mercury D) Zeus Answer: A 10) The Greek physician credited as being the first epidemiologist and the father of modern medicine was A) Hippocrates. B) Asclepius. C) Panacea. D) Plato. Answer: A 11) The staff and serpent symbol, which also marked early Greek temples of healing, is known as A) Hippocrates. B) Caduceus. C) Panacea. D) Plato. Answer: B 12) Which period resulted in the human body being considered appropriate for study and the production of realistic anatomical drawings? A) Roman Empire B) Middle Ages C) Renaissance D) Age of EnlightenmentAnswer: C 2 13) Hippocrates is known for all of the following contributions to the history of medicine EXCEPT A) the distinction between 'endemic' diseases and 'epidemic' diseases. B) the belief that health was the result of balance and disease the result of imbalance. C) the Code of Hammurabi. D) the Hippocratic Oath.Answer: C 14) The early society most famous for building sewage systems, water supply systems, baths, and other health facilities was the A) Egyptians. B) Greeks. C) Romans. D) Saxons. Answer: C 15) During what era were criminals dissected alive to improve medical knowledge? A) Egyptian B) Greek C) Roman D) Middle AgesAnswer: C 16) Which of the following built the most extensive aqueduct system to bring fresh water to its subjects? A) Egyptians B) Greeks C) Romans D) Saxons Answer: C 17) Entire libraries were burned and knowledge about the human body was seen as sinful during the A) Egyptian era. B) Renaissance. C) Roman era. D) Middle Ages.Answer: D 18) Which great epidemic during the Middle Ages resulted in the most discrimination and isolation of its victims? A) Syphilis B) Bubonic plague C) Leprosy D) SmallpoxAnswer: C 19) One of the prevailing beliefs of the origin of ________ was that dead bodies of diseased soldiers were catapulted into a besieged city. A) syphilis 3 B) bubonic plague C) leprosy D) smallpoxAnswer: B 20) "Water casting" was a A) means of diagnosing a patient's condition by examining the urine for changes in color. B) means of casting out demons by throwing water on the inflicted individual. C) method for diagnosing syphilis during the Roman era. D) condition in which water was retained by the body when infected with leprosy.Answer: A 21) During the Renaissance period, much surgery and dentistry was performed by A) physicians and dentists. B) nurse midwifes. C) surgeons trained only by apprenticeship. D) barbers. Answer: D 22) The Middle Ages can be characterized as a time A) of health advances. B) when many health advancements were lost. C) focused on disease prevention efforts. D) emphasizing naturalistic and holistic approaches.Answer: B 23) During which period did the concept of disease contagion become more universally accepted? A) Roman Empire B) Middle Ages C) Renaissance D) Age of EnlightenmentAnswer: B 24) During the 1700s the "miasmas theory" held that A) disease was caused when vapors rising from rotting refuse were inhaled. B) an imbalance of the mind, body, and spirit caused disease. C) disease was caused by four humours: blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile. D) parasites in the water caused most disease. Answer: A 25) During which period did health education as a profession begin to emerge? A) 1500s B) 1600s C) 1700s D) 1800s 4 Answer: D 26) Who wrote the Report on an Inquiry into the Sanitary Conditions of the Labouring Population of Great Britain? A) John Snow B) James Lind C) Edwin Chadwick D) Thomas MusterAnswer: C 27) John Snow was able to interrupt a cholera epidemic in London by A) placing those infected in quarantine. B) removing a pump handle. C) promoting daily bathing. D) developing a new antibiotic.Answer: B 28) Who proposed the germ theory of disease? A) Robert Koch B) Louis Pasteur C) Joseph Lister D) Edwin ChadwickAnswer: B 29) To address the many health problems facing U.S. cities in the late 1700s, some cities developed health A) laws. B) rules. C) boards. D) regulations.Answer: C 30) Public health reform in the United States was stimulated by the landmark Report on the Sanitary Commission of Massachusetts written by A) Edwin Chadwick. B) Thomas Dewy. C) Horace Mann. D) Lemuel Shattuck. Answer: D 31) As a result of the landmark Report on the Sanitary Commission of Massachusetts all of the following significant accomplishments occurred EXCEPT A) the first full-time county health departments were formed. B) state boards of health were formed. C) the National Tuberculosis Study was conducted. D) the collection and analysis of vital statistics became practice.Answer: C 32) Stephen Smith's effort to initiate a national sanitary association eventually evolved into the A) American Association for Health Education (AAHE). B) American Public Health Association (APHA). 5 C) Society of Public Health Educators (SOPHE). D) Association for Worksite Health Promotion (AWHP).Answer: B 33) The first national voluntary health agency established in 1902 was the A) American Cancer Society. B) American Heart Association. C) Sanitary Commission of Massachusetts. D) National Association for the Study and Prevention of Tuberculosis.Answer: D 34) Passage of the 1798 Marine Hospital Services Act established a structure that eventually evolved into today's A) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. B) U.S. Public Health Service. C) National Institutes of Health. D) U.S. Marine Corps.Answer: B 35) Which act provided support for state health departments and their programs, including the development of sanitary facilities and improvements in maternal and child health? A) Ransdell Act B) Social Security Act C) Hill-Burton Act D) Congressional Health Services ActAnswer: B 36) The federal government's involvement in social issues including health began with passage of the A) Medicare Act. B) Medicaid Act. C) Ransdell Act. D) Social Security Act. Answer: D 37) Dr. Mayhew Derryberry is credited with A) predicting how the shift from contagious to chronic diseases would impact health education. B) the establishment of Medicare and Medicaid. C) presenting Canadians with epidemiological evidence supporting the importance of lifestyle and environmental factors to health and sickness. D) establishing what is now known as the National Institute of Health.Answer: A 38) ________ was created to assist in the payment of medical bills for the elderly. A) Medicare B) Medicaid C) Social security 6 D) Health insuranceAnswer: A 39) The first national effort to promote the health of citizens through a more preventative approach that paved the way for such efforts in the United States took place in what country? A) Australia B) England C) Germany D) Canada Answer: D 40) What famous Canadian report presented epidemiological evidence supporting the importance of lifestyle and environmental factors on health and sickness, and called for numerous national health promotion strategies? A) A New Perspective on the Health of Canadians B) A Report Card on Canadian Health Promotion Efforts C) Canadian Healthy Diary D) National Health Objectives for Canada CareAnswer: A 41) In the United States the first major recognition of the importance of lifestyle in promoting health and well-being came in the form of a governmental publication titled A) Healthy People. B) Surgeon General's Report on the Health of Americans. C) A Report Card on U.S. Health Indicators. D) National Health Objectives for the year 1990.Answer: A 42) The three overarching goals of Healthy People 2020 focus on A) living longer lives, eliminating disparities, and promoting quality of life B) increasing public awareness, critical research, and length of life. C) living longer lives, access to health care, and evidence based practice. D) providing performance standards for the public, development of a foundation for public health preparedness, and increasing public awareness. Answer: A 43) The most recent set of national health objectives for the United States is titled A) Healthy People 2000. B) Healthy People 2010. C) Healthy People 2020. D) Healthy People 2030.Answer: C 44) The initiative to develop performance standards, collect, monitor, and analyze data, and ultimately improve public health practice is known as the A) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Practice Guidelines. B) National Public Health Performance Standards. 7 C) U.S. Public Health Service Evaluation Program. D) National Public Health Accountability and Assessment Effort.Answer: B 45) Massachusetts passed the first mandatory education law in 1647 to A) ensure children were prepared to become public servants in their community. B) provide basic skills for female children. C) combat plagues and other contagious diseases that were spreading throughout the community. D) help promote the reading of the Bible.Answer: D 46) Who was the secretary of the Massachusetts State Board of Education in 1837 and repeatedly called for mandatory programs of hygiene education for students? A) Horace Mann B) Lemuel Shattuck C) Thomas Dewy D) Charles DarwinAnswer: A 47) Founded in 1927 as the American Association of School Physicians, this professional organization evolved into the A) American Association for Health Education. B) American College Health Association. C) School Health Section of the American Public Health Association. D) American School Health Association.Answer: D 48) The first national effort to promote the teaching of health related curriculum in the schools was directed by the A) Women's Christian Temperance Union. B) American Cancer Society. C) American Lung Association. D) National March of Dimes. Answer: A 49) Among her many accomplishments, Miss Sally Lucas Jean was ultimately responsible for A) writing the first health objectives for the United States. B) changing the name from hygiene education to health education. C) chairing a presidential commission on health education. D) developing the first health education curriculum.Answer: B 50) What happened during World War I that provided the impetus for widespread acceptance of school health education as a field in its own right? A) The incidence of tuberculosis increased rapidly. B) School health was required of all children for the first time. 8 C) Too many young men were unfit for service. D) The first college program for health education was established.Answer: C 51) Which of the following best represents the results of the School Health Education Study conducted by Dr. Elena Sliepcevich? A) Health attitudes and behaviors among the students surveyed were excellent. B) Content knowledge among students surveyed was high. C) The results were appalling, with numerous misconceptions about health at all levels. D) The results indicated good fitness and tobacco behaviors, but poor nutrition behaviors.Answer: C 52) One of the more important health education studies that was conducted in the Los Angeles Area and was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of school health work in selected schools and colleges of the area was the A) School Health Education Evaluation Study. B) School Health Effectiveness Project. C) National School Health Assessment. D) Regional Health Promotion and Education Survey.Answer: A 53) Eight interactive components working together to enhance the health and well-being of the students, faculty, staff, and community within a school district are known as A) Comprehensive School Health Education. B) a Coordinated School Health Program. C) a Complete School Health Integration Program. D) a Regulated School Health Plan.Answer: B 54) The most recent school health publication focused on improving educational achievement for all students and improved health for the United States is the A) Standards for Health Literacy. B) School Health Advisory Council Handbook. C) Coordinated School Health Program Guidebook D) National Health Education Standards. Answer: D 55) When developing school health curriculum, the CDC recommends emphasizing six key risk behaviors because the behaviors A) are the leading causes of death and disability. B) are the most controllable by young people. C) typically begin in early adulthood. D) have been proven to be behaviors most easily changed through education.Answer: A 56) The coordinated school health concept has dominated the school health arena but has failed to reach its full potential in most schools because 9 A) B) C) D) the recess before lunch concept has been a priority. the leadership to promote and coordinate school health programs is lacking. the program is too prescriptive for most administrators to implement. it lacks federal support.Answer: B 57) The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act A) expands healthcare to millions of uninsured Americans. B) will limit opportunities for health education specialists to promote health. C) focuses on providing affordable health education for high risk teens. D) will protect patients from physicians who fail to employ high standards of care.Answer: A 58) The formal classification for the occupation of health education was significant because it A) allowed health educators to be eligible to sit for a certification exam. B) made it possible to determine the number of health education specialists employed. C) allowed health education specialists to serve as government consultants. D) guided undergraduate health education program admission rates.Answer: B 59) History should be of interest to new health education students, as one cannot fully appreciate the profession without understanding its origin. Answer: TRUE 60) The need for professional health educators emerged as human beings' knowledge of health and health care increased. Answer: TRUE 61) Earliest man believed that disease and infirmity were caused by the influence of magic or malevolent spirits that inhabited streams, trees, animals, the earth, and the air. Answer: TRUE 62) The earliest written record concerning public health was the Smith Papyri. Answer: FALSE 63) Egyptian medicine never advanced far beyond primitive medicine, relying on faith in magic spells and belief that disease was the cause of a demon. Answer: TRUE 64) The Egyptians possessed a strong sense of personal cleanliness and were considered to be thehealthiest people of their time. Answer: TRUE 65) The Egyptians utilized numerous pharmaceutical preparations and constructed earth privies for sewage as well as public drainage pipes. Answer: TRUE 66) During the Greek era, the role of physician began to take shape and a more scientific view of medicine emerged. Answer: TRUE 67) In Greek mythology Hygeia was given the power to prevent disease.Answer: TRUE 10 68) Hippocrates taught that health was the result of prayer.Answer: FALSE 69) The balance of mind, body, and spirit was a focus of the Romans.Answer: FALSE 70) The Greeks emphasized instruction related to philosophy, athletics, and theology in order for individuals to maintain balance. Answer: TRUE 71) The Hippocratic Oath continues to be used today as the basis for medical ethics.Answer: TRUE 72) Asclepius has been credited as being the first epidemiologist and the father of modern medicine. Answer: FALSE 73) As engineers, builders, and administrators, the Greeks had no equal among early civilizations. Answer: FALSE 74) The Romans had a great appreciation for hygiene and developed an extensive system of private and public baths. Answer: TRUE 75) The Romans can be credited with making many health advancements. Answer: TRUE 76) The Middle Ages can be characterized as a time of health advancements.Answer: FALSE 77) The Egyptians were the first to build hospitals.Answer: FALSE 78) Modern Christians believe that the body is the abode for the soul while man is on earth, thereby permitting man to preserve and take care of it. Answer: TRUE 79) Entire libraries were burned and knowledge about the human body was seen as sinful during the Dark Ages. Answer: TRUE 80) The contagion concept associated with leprosy and bubonic plague opened the door to new interest in science and severely weakened the argument of those promoting the sin-disease theory. Answer: TRUE 81) In order to join the Brotherhood of the Flagellants, group members had to pledge to ritualistically torment themselves three times daily for 33 days and eight hours, which represented one day for each year of Christ's earthly life. Answer: TRUE 11 82) The plague caused widespread fear and superstition regarding the cause of disease.Answer: TRUE 83) Religious leaders and physicians often were the first victims of the plague thus increasing fear and superstition as to the cause of disease. Answer: TRUE 84) While disagreement existed as to the cause of the plague, many believed the disease was contagious. Answer: TRUE 85) There was widespread agreement that the plague was caused by sin.Answer: FALSE 86) If professional health educators had existed during the Middle Ages, millions of lives could have been saved. Answer: FALSE 87) During the Renaissance period science again emerged as a legitimate field of inquiry, and numerous scientific advancements were made. Answer: TRUE 88) Surgery and dentistry were commonly performed by barbers during the Renaissance period.Answer: TRUE 89) The practice of dentistry by professionally trained practitioners was a significant contributionof the Renaissance period. Answer: FALSE 90) Due to their high standard of living, the English royalty experienced very few health problems. Answer: FALSE 91) Disposal of human waste was still a major problem during the Renaissance period.Answer: TRUE 92) Health boards were instituted to fight the plague during the 16th Century. Answer: TRUE 93) Health boards first began to provide oversight on the sewage system, cemeteries, and professional activity of physicians during the 18th Century. Answer: FALSE 94) By removing the handle from the Broad Street water pump, John Snow demonstrated that disease could be transmitted by water and not just through the air. Answer: TRUE 95) The first life expectancy tables were developed in the United States in 1789 by Dr. Edward Wigglesworth. Answer: TRUE 12 96) Life expectancy tables are used to project the average number of years a person from a specific cohort will live from a given point. Answer: TRUE 97) In 2006, life expectancy at birth in the United States reached the highest level ever at 77.7 years. Answer: TRUE 98) The history of the U.S. Public Health Service dates back to 1798 when Congress passed the Marine Hospital Service Act. Answer: TRUE 99) The Marine Hospital Service Act provided funding for the first floating hospital that rotated among U.S. port cities. Answer: FALSE 100) In the early part of the 20th century, nostrums and quackery were major problems facing health educators. Answer: TRUE 101) The National Hospital Survey and Construction Act, also known as the Hill-Burton Act, was crafted to improve the distribution and enhance the quality of hospitals. Answer: TRUE 102) Medicaid was created to assist in the payment of medical bills for the elderly.Answer: FALSE 103) The National Public Health Performance Standards Program is an initiative designed to improve public health performance. Answer: TRUE 104) The Healthy People initiative has evolved into an important strategic planning tool for federal, state, and local public health professionals. Answer: TRUE 105) Healthy People 2020 was developed to improve the effectiveness of public health departments. Answer: FALSE 106) The Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) Policy Review Committee has approved the creation of a new, distinct classification for the occupation of health educator. Answer: TRUE 107) As a result of health education becoming a recognized profession, it is possible to determinethe number of health education specialists employed and the outlook for future health education positions. Answer: TRUE 108) Health education becoming a recognized profession means the salary of health education specialists will increase. Answer: FALSE 13 109) The teaching of health was part of the earliest education curricula in the United States.Answer: FALSE 110) Only girls attended the earliest schools, as boys were too valuable to spare from the farms.Answer: FALSE 111) Religious leaders initiated the push for formal education in the mid-1600s. Answer: TRUE 112) Horace Mann, whose writings and speeches helped to promote the importance of education in general, was believed to be the first spokesperson for teaching health in schools. Answer: TRUE 113) Lemuel Shattuck's Report on the Sanitary Commission of Massachusetts (1850) was critical in the development of public health and provided strong support for school health as well. Answer: TRUE 114) The demonstration projects of the 1920s and 1930s showed that habits could be changed and health improved through health education. Answer: TRUE 115) Results of The School Health Education Study, conducted by Dr. Elena M. Sliepcevich, were very positive and demonstrated that health education could change health behaviors. Answer: FALSE 116) Comprehensive school health instruction (or education) refers to the development, delivery, and evaluation of a planned curriculum, preschool through grade 12. Answer: TRUE 117) Comprehensive school health instruction is one part of the coordinated school health program. Answer: TRUE 118) There is currently a process for school health education teachers to become nationally certified teachers, similar to the process for math and science teachers. Answer: TRUE 119) It is anticipated that the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act will create expanded opportunities for health education specialists to promote health. Answer: TRUE 120) Discuss specific examples of how health beliefs and practices have changed from earliest humans to present day. 121) Describe two examples of the earliest efforts at health care OR informal health education. 122) Discuss the contributions of Hippocrates to health education and epidemiology. 123) What contributions did the Romans make to the field of public health? 14 124) Compare and contrast what it might have been like to live through a plague epidemic of the Middle Ages and the HIV/AIDS epidemic of today. 125) Why did the profession of health education finally begin to emerge in the mid-1800s and why did it not emerge prior to that time? 126) Identify and describe three governmental documents that have been important to the field ofhealth promotion and education. 127) Explain how the Report of the Sanitary Commission of Massachusetts (1850) was important to the history of both school health and public health. 128) Identify four events, people, or organizations that were important to the development of school health education in the United States and explain their specific contributions. 129) Explain the concept of a coordinated school health program. 130) Discuss what it means to health promotion and education professionals to have the StandardOccupational Classification (SOC) Policy Review Committee approve the creation of a new, distinct classification for the occupation of health educator. 131) Describe the initiatives that have shaped school health education programs over the past tenyears. 132) Explain two key benefits anticipated by the passing of the Patient Protection and AffordableCare Act for consumers. 133) Discuss the role of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act on prevention and how that will impact the work of health education specialists. 15