History Exam Multiple Choice

Multiple Choice 1. How did Garrison Frazier define freedom for African-Americans during his January 1865 conversation with General Sherman and Secretary of War Stanton? having and owning their own land 2. Which statement is true about “Sherman land”? Sherman set aside lands for settlement of black families on fortyacre plots. 3. General William T. Sherman’s Special Field Order 15 set aside land to distribute among black families. 4. Which of the following best describes the black response to the ending of the Civil War and the coming of freedom? Blacks adopted different ways of testing their freedom, including moving about, seeking kin, and rejecting older forms of deferential behavior. 5. What effect did emancipation have on the structure of the black family? Black families increasingly adopted the nineteenth-century idea that men and women held different responsibilities. 6. Which denominations had the largest followings among blacks after the Civil War? Methodist and Baptist 7. Howard University is well known as a black university in Washington, D.C. 8. In which way did the black church change during Reconstruction? It started to play a central role as blacks abandoned whitecontrolled religious institutions. 9. How did Reconstruction leave an enduring legacy? The nation’s first African-American colleges were established. 10. What was one of the ways in which black education evolved during Reconstruction? The first black colleges were established. 11. For most former slaves, freedom first and foremost meant landownership. 12. Which of the following was true according to Frederick Douglass? Slavery was not going to be truly abolished until black men held the ballot. 13. Anything less than ________ for African-Americans would betray the Civil War’s meaning, black spokesmen insisted. full citizenship 14.In terms of employment, blacks most avidly searched for the possibility to work their own land. 15. How did the Civil War affect planter families? For the first time, some of them had to do physical labor. 16. What was the northern vision for the Reconstruction-era southern economy? to give free blacks the same employment opportunities as northern workers 17. In the Republican free labor vision of a reconstructed South, Southern black and northern white workers would enjoy the same opportunities, and the South would become more like the North. 18. How did southern leaders tend to react to black freedom after the Civil War? They tended to view it as a privilege and not a right. 19. The Freedmen’s Bureau’s greatest accomplishments were in education and health care. 20. Which of the following statements accurately describes the Freedmen’s Bureau? It assisted northern societies committed to black education. 21. During Reconstruction, the majority of southern African-Americans remained poor and without property. 22. What did the ex-slaves see as key to significantly improving their condition? receiving free land as their own property 23. What did Andrew Johnson do with the land of plantation owners seized during the Civil War? He returned it to the original owners. 24. According to the petitions that freedmen sent to President Andrew Johnson, what had the government promised them? Homesteads 25. Because President Johnson ended land reform and no land distribution took place, the vast majority of rural African-Americans remained poor and without property. 26. Sharecropping was preferred by African-Americans to gang labor, because they were less subject to supervision. 27. The crop-lien system kept many sharecroppers in a state of constant debt and poverty. 28. White farmers in the late nineteenth-century South included many sharecroppers involved in the crop-lien system. 29. Which of the following statements accurately describes the sharecropping system? Sharecroppers rented land and split the crops with the plantation owner. 30. Which of the following statements accurately describes white yeoman (small) farmers? After the war, many white yeoman farmers went into debt, lost their farms, and became sharecroppers as a result. 31. After the Civil War, cotton prices dropped. 32. During Reconstruction, southern cities enjoyed newfound prosperity as merchants traded more frequently with the North. 33. Other societies experienced the transition from slavery to freedom around the same time as the United States. What type of labor did plantation owners in the British Caribbean use to continue their operations? indentured servants from India and China 34. During Reconstruction, what new southern class arose due to the building of new railroads? an urban middle class 35. What did the freedmen request in their “Petition of Committee in Behalf of the Freedmen to Andrew Johnson” in 1865? the right to purchase a homestead 36. Which statement is true about the “Petition of Committee in Behalf of the Freedmen to Andrew Johnson”? The petitioners demanded land on the grounds that that they had made the lands valuable through their labor. 37. What can be determined through analyzing the “Sharecropping Contract”? the contract was a type of economic slavery. 38. What benefit did Abraham Lincoln see in having Andrew Johnson on his ticket? Lincoln’s party hoped to build a Republican base in the South. 39. What was ironic about the election of Andrew Johnson? A man from a state that had seceded was now president. 40. Which statement is true in reference to President Andrew Johnson? Johnson grew up in poverty in the South and saw the planter class as a “bloated, corrupted aristocracy.” 41. Andrew Johnson lacked Lincoln’s political skills and keen sense of public opinion. 42. How can Andrew Johnson be compared to Abraham Lincoln? Johnson was more stubborn and less willing to compromise than Lincoln. 43. What did Andrew Johnson focus on with his Reconstruction plan? issuing presidential pardons 44. Why specifically did Andrew Johnson’s Reconstruction plan fail? Ex-Confederates and pre–Civil War elite returned to power. 45. The southern Black Codes allowed the arrest on vagrancy charges of former slaves who failed to sign yearly labor contracts. 46. President Andrew Johnson appointed provisional governors to southern states. How were they supposed to rule local affairs? by managing local affairs as they pleased 47. Which of the following statements accurately describes the Radical Republicans? They promoted the ideal of a strong federal government able to protect the rights of all Americans. 48. The Black Codes violated free labor principles so celebrated by the North at the time. 49. Radical Republicans hoped to institutionalize the principle of equal rights for all, regardless of race. 50. The most ambitious and cherished—but least successful—of Thaddeus Stevens’s aims as a Radical Republican was land reform. 51. The Civil Rights Bill of 1866 defined the rights of American citizens without regard to race. 52. Which of the following statements accurately describes the Civil Rights Bill of 1866? It promoted equality before the law. 53. Why did Andrew Johnson veto the Civil Rights Bill of 1866? He argued that blacks did not deserve the right of citizenship. 54. When Congress sent Andrew Johnson the Civil Rights Bill of 1866, he argued that it discriminated against whites. 55. In what way was Reconstruction policy a success? It established an amendment promising equal protection for all. 56. Which of the following statements is true of the Fourteenth Amendment? It prohibited all states from denying equal protection of the laws to any person. 57. The Fourteenth Amendment marked the most important change in the U.S. Constitution since the Bill of Rights. 58. In March 1867, Congress began Radical Reconstruction by adopting the ________, which created new state governments and provided for black male suffrage in the South. Reconstruction Act 59. What early 1868 action by Andrew Johnson sparked his impeachment by the U.S. House of Representatives? He allegedly violated the Tenure of Office Act. 60. When assessing the impeachment of Andrew Johnson, what can be determined about this issue? Both Congress and the president accused the other of unconstitutional acts. 61. Which of the following statements is true of the Reconstruction Act? It established black men’s legal right to vote in the former Confederacy. 62. Why was Andrew Johnson acquitted on charges of impeachment? Johnson’s lawyers assured moderate Republicans that he would behave for the rest of his term, so several voted to acquit him. 63. “Waving the bloody shirt” referred to a Republican attempt to associate Democrats with secession and treason. 64. For the 1868 Democratic presidential ticket, Horatio Seymour and Francis Blair Jr. had a campaign motto of “This Is a White Man’s Country. Let White Men Rule.” 65. The Fifteenth Amendment a. guaranteed that one could not be denied suffrage based on race. b. banned governments from denying the right to vote on the basis of race. 67. Republican leader Carl Schurz called the Reconstruction amendments a “great Constitutional revolution” because a. they transformed the Constitution into a vehicle for correcting injustices. 68. The Reconstruction amendments toppled the ideals of what Supreme Court decision? b. Dred Scott v. Sandford 69. How did the Reconstruction amendments change the role of government? They set the stage for the federal government to be the protector of individual freedoms. 70. The authors of the Reconstruction amendments gave the federal government the power to do which of the following? enforce Americans’ rights and act as the “custodian of freedom” 71. Which of the following did the Reconstruction amendments introduce? birthright citizenship 72. What made the Burlingame Treaty unique? It recognized the sovereignty of China. 73. Why did Mark Twain call Anson Burlingame “a citizen of the world”? Burlingame looked beyond a narrow view of citizenship. 74. How do historians frequently perceive the laws and amendments introduced to the Constitution during Reconstruction? as equivalent to a second founding of America 75. In “The Composite Nation” (1869), what does Frederick Douglass reveal about his position toward Chinese immigrants? He condemned anti-Asian discrimination. 76. Which of the following is one of the central ideas in Frederick Douglass’s speech “The Composite Nation”? Human rights are universal and indestructible and include the ability of people of all races to migrate freely from one place to another. 77. Despite the Fourteenth Amendment, which group was still being denied United States citizenship? Asians 78. How did the abolition of slavery impact the women’s rights movement in the United States? It led feminists to search for new ways to make the promise of free labor real for women. 79. The idea that change comes slowly can be evidenced by what event during Reconstruction? Women were excluded from the suffrage amendment. 80. After the Civil War, which territory became the first to allow women to vote? Wyoming 81. During Reconstruction, those like Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucy Stone who supported a woman’s right to vote found themselves divided over whether to support the Fifteenth Amendment. 82. The U.S. Supreme Court’s decision in the 1873 case in which Myra Bradwell challenged an Illinois statute excluding women from practicing law demonstrated that, while racial definitions of freedom were changing, gendered ones still existed. 83. Why did Elizabeth Cady Stanton oppose the ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment? It did not ban discrimination in voting based on sex. 84. Why did Abby Kelley and Lucy Stone disagree with Elizabeth Cady Stanton’s opposition to the Fifteenth Amendment? Kelley and Stone thought a ban on racial discrimination was a step toward universal suffrage. 85. The Fifteenth Amendment granted blacks the right to vote. Which of the following statements accurately describes the response of AfricanAmericans in the South to this amendment? The vast majority of those eligible registered to vote. 86. With the beginning of Radical Reconstruction, southern African-Americans in the late 1860s and early 1870s took direct action to remedy longstanding grievances. These actions included sit-ins that helped to integrate horse-drawn streetcars in southern cities. 87. Hiram Revels and Blanche K. Bruce were the first two blacks to be part of the U.S. Senate. 88. During Radical Reconstruction, Republican governments in the South created the region’s first state-funded systems of free public education. 89. Black officeholders during Reconstruction helped ensure a degree of fairness for African-American citizens. 90. If a man from Maine came to live in the South as a teacher, what would he most likely be labeled as? a carpetbagger 91. Most of those termed “scalawags” during Reconstruction had been b. non-slaveholding white farmers from the southern upcountry prior to the Civil War. 92. Southern Republicans during Reconstruction b. established the South’s first state-supported schools. 93. During Radical Reconstruction in the South, a. the first interracial governments in U.S. history accomplished a great deal, despite violent opposition. 94. During Radical Reconstruction, what did every state help finance in an effort to transform the South into a society of booming factories, bustling towns, and diversified agriculture? railroad construction 95. The Whiskey Ring scandal took place during the administration of Ulysses Grant. 96. Which statement is true about the Ku Klux Klan (KKK)? Founded in 1866 in Tennessee, the KKK was a terrorist organization that attacked black and white Republicans during Reconstruction. 97. The bloodiest act of violence during Reconstruction took place in ________ in 1873, where armed whites killed hundreds of former slaves, including fifty militia members who had surrendered. Colfax, Louisiana, 98. The Enforcement Acts, passed by Congress in 1870 and 1871, were designed to stop the activities of terrorist groups such as the Ku Klux Klan. 99. The Enforcement Acts drove the Ku Klux Klan out of existence in 1872. 100. The Liberal Republican movement in 1872 initially had little to do with Reconstruction but encouraged opposition to Grant’s policies in the South. 101. The Prostrate State depicts South Carolina under allegedly corrupt Negro rule during Reconstruction. 102. The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in the Slaughterhouse Cases that most rights of citizens were under the control of state governments rather than the federal government. 103. In the 1870s, who claimed to have saved the white South from the corruption of northern and black officials? Redeemers 104. The election of 1876 was tainted by claims of fraud in Florida, South Carolina, and Louisiana. 105. When analyzing the election of 1876, what conclusion can be drawn? If Tilden had won Louisiana, Florida, or South Carolina, he would have been president. 106. Reconstruction planted the seed of a debate that would dominate the political agenda for the next half century. What was this debate about? the definition of the economic essence of freedom 107. The Bargain of 1877 b. led to the appointment of a southerner as postmaster general. 108. The civil rights era of the 1950s and 1960s is sometimes called the e. Second Reconstruction. 109. By examining Reconstruction from 1863 to 1877, what conclusion can be drawn? It was one of the most complex time periods in American history. 110. The Bargain of 1877 b. was not fulfilled in all its parts.