Module 8 Answers Part 4

154. The ability of some Alzheimer's patients to learn how to do something despite the fact that they have no conscious recall of learning their new skill best illustrates the need to distinguish between A) proactive interference and retroactive interference. B) encoding failure and storage decay. C) infantile amnesia and source amnesia. D) explicit memory and implicit memory. Ans: D 155. We are unable to consciously attend to most of the sights and sounds that are continually bombarding us. This fact most clearly contributes to A) storage decay. B) retroactive interference. C) encoding failure. D) repression. Ans: C 156. The inability to recall which numbers on a telephone keypad are not accompanied by alphabetically sequenced letters is most likely due to A) encoding failure. B) the misinformation effect. C) retroactive interference. D) source amnesia. Ans: A 157. Our inability to remember information presented in the seconds just before we fall asleep is most likely due to A) motivated forgetting. B) the misinformation effect. C) retroactive interference. D) encoding failure. Ans: D 158. The inability to remember whose face appears on a five-dollar bill is mostly likely due to a failure in A) retrieval. B) storage. C) encoding. D) implicit memory. Ans: C 159. The famous Ebbinghaus forgetting curve indicates that how well we remember information depends on A) how long ago we learned that information. B) the nature of our mood during encoding and retrieval. C) whether the information is part of our implicit or explicit memory. D) whether the information was forcibly repressed. Ans: A 160. Ebbinghaus discovered that the rate at which we forget newly learned information is initially A) B) C) D) Ans: slow and subsequently stays slow. slow and subsequently speeds up. rapid and subsequently stays rapid. rapid and subsequently slows down. D 161. A loss of an encoded memory as a result of a gradual fading of the physical memory trace best illustrates A) repression. B) interference. C) storage decay. D) the misinformation effect. Ans: C 162. Because her memory trace has faded, Dr. Jordan remembers much less about the organic chemistry that she once learned well as a medical student. Her memory loss best illustrates A) storage decay. B) proactive interference. C) encoding failure. D) repression. Ans: A 163. An inability to access information in long-term memory is known as A) the misinformation effect. B) anterograde amnesia. C) déjà vu. D) retrieval failure. Ans: D 164. Judy is embarrassed because she momentarily fails to remember a good friend's name. Judy's poor memory most likely results from a failure in A) storage. B) encoding. C) rehearsal. D) retrieval. Ans: D 165. The title of a song is on the tip of Gerard's tongue, but he cannot recall it until someone mentions the songwriter's name. Gerard's initial inability to recall the title was most likely caused by A) encoding failure. B) automatic processing. C) retrieval failure. D) repression. Ans: C 166. Proactive interference refers to the A) blocking of painful memories from conscious awareness. B) incorporation of misleading information into one's memory of an event. C) disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of previously learned information. D) disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information. Ans: D 167. Arnold so easily remembers his old girlfriend's phone number that he finds it difficult to recall his new girlfriend's number. Arnold's difficulty best illustrates A) retroactive interference. B) retrograde amnesia. C) source amnesia. D) proactive interference. Ans: D 168. The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of previously learned information is called A) repression. B) source amnesia. C) retroactive interference. D) anterograde amnesia. Ans: C 169. Memory of your familiar old e-mail password may block the recall of your new password. This illustrates A) source amnesia. B) retroactive interference. C) repression. D) proactive interference. Ans: B 170. After learning the combination for his new locker at school, Milton is unable to remember the combination for his year-old bicycle lock. Milton is experiencing the effects of A) source amnesia. B) retroactive interference. C) proactive interference. D) automatic processing. Ans: B 171. Retroactive interference involves the disruption of A) automatic processing. B) sensory memory. C) memory retrieval. D) effortful processing. Ans: C 172. The finding that people who sleep after learning a list of nonsense syllables forget less than people who stay awake provides evidence that forgetting may involve A) encoding failure. B) repression. C) implicit memory loss. D) interference. Ans: D 173. Previously learned information often facilitates our learning of new information. This phenomenon is called A) déjà vu. B) positive transfer. C) reconsolidation. D) the misinformation effect. Ans: B 174. Researchers observed that people exposed to very convincing arguments about the value of frequent toothbrushing tended to A) quickly forget the arguments if they were in the habit of brushing frequently. B) quickly forget the arguments if they were not in the habit of brushing frequently. C) exaggerate how frequently they had brushed their teeth in the past. D) exaggerate how infrequently they had brushed their teeth in the past. Ans: C 175. Compulsive gamblers frequently recall losing less money than is actually the case. Their memory failure best illustrates A) source amnesia. B) the misinformation effect. C) motivated forgetting. D) anterograde amnesia. Ans: C 176. A type of motivated forgetting in which anxiety-arousing memories are blocked from conscious awareness is known as A) retroactive interference. B) proactive interference. C) repression. D) déjà vu. Ans: C 177. Sigmund Freud emphasized that the forgetting of painful experiences is caused by a process that involves A) retroactive interference. B) memory decay. C) retrieval failure. D) anterograde amnesia. Ans: C 178. Among contemporary memory researchers, increasing numbers think that ________ rarely, if ever, occurs. A) retrograde amnesia B) automatic processing C) source amnesia D) repression Ans: D 179. Research on memory construction indicates that memories of past experiences are likely to be A) B) C) D) Ans: difficult to retrieve but never completely lost. distorted by our current expectations. much easier to recall if they are seldom rehearsed. retrieved in the very same form and detail as they were originally encoded. B 180. When retrieving memories of a past event, we often fill in memory gaps with guesses about details. The fact that these guessed details are then incorporated into our memory of that event is most relevant to appreciating the importance of A) anterograde amnesia. B) automatic processing. C) memory construction. D) proactive interference. Ans: C 181. Memory reconsolidation involves the modification of stored memories following the process of A) déjà vu. B) repression. C) retrieval. D) source amnesia. Ans: C 182. After research participants have retrieved a long-term memory of a traumatic experience, researchers have attempted to use a drug or painless electroconvulsive shock to disrupt the ________ of that memory. A) repression B) reconsolidation C) retroactive interference D) proactive interference Ans: B 183. In the study led by Elizabeth Loftus, two groups of observers were asked how fast two cars had been going in a filmed traffic accident. Observers who heard the vividly descriptive word “smashed” in relation to the accident later recalled A) broken glass at the scene of the accident. B) that the drivers of the vehicles were intoxicated. C) that the drivers of the vehicles were males. D) the details of the accident with vivid accuracy. Ans: A 184. Many of the experiment participants who were asked how fast two cars in a filmed traffic accident were going when they smashed into each other subsequently recalled seeing broken glass at the scene of the accident. This experiment best illustrated A) proactive interference. B) source amnesia. C) positive transfer. D) the misinformation effect. Ans: D 185. After reading a newspaper report suggesting that drunken driving might have contributed to a recent auto accident, several people who actually witnessed the accident began to remember the driver involved as traveling more recklessly than was actually the case. This provides an example of A) proactive interference. B) déjà vu. C) automatic processing. D) the misinformation effect. Ans: D 186. Children reported false memories of taking a hot-air balloon ride after viewing digitally altered photos of themselves and other family members involved in such an event. The children's reports best illustrated A) implicit memory. B) proactive interference. C) imagination inflation. D) retroactive interference. Ans: C 187. The misinformation effect best illustrates the dynamics of A) memory construction. B) repression. C) proactive interference. D) anterograde amnesia. Ans: A 188. Visualizing an object and actually seeing that object both activate similar brain areas. This most clearly contributes to A) anterograde amnesia. B) proactive interference. C) imagination inflation. D) motivated forgetting. Ans: C 189. Research on memory construction indicates that A) recent events are more vulnerable to memory distortion than events from our more distant past. B) false memories of imagined events are often recalled as something that really happened. C) hypnotic suggestion is a particularly effective technique for accurate memory retrieval. D) it is very difficult to lead people to construct memories of events that never happened. Ans: B 190. Faulty memory for how, when, or where information was learned is called A) source amnesia. B) the misinformation effect. C) repression. D) déjà vu. Ans: A 191. The psychologist Jean Piaget constructed a vivid, detailed memory of a nursemaid's thwarting his kidnapping after hearing false reports of such an event. His experience best illustrates A) implicit memory. B) proactive interference. C) source amnesia. D) repression. Ans: C 192. After attending group therapy sessions for adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse, Karen mistakenly remembered details from others' traumatic life stories as part of her own life history. This best illustrates the dangers of A) proactive interference. B) positive transfer. C) implicit memory. D) source amnesia. Ans: D 193. As a child, Andre dreamed that he was chased and attacked by a ferocious dog. Many years later, he mistakenly recalled that this had actually happened to him. Andre's false recollection best illustrates A) infantile amnesia. B) proactive interference. C) implicit memory. D) source amnesia. Ans: D 194. Déjà vu refers to the A) emotional arousal produced by proactive interference. B) tendency to remember experiences that were actually dreams. C) unconscious activation of particular associations in memory. D) eerie sense of having previously experienced a situation or event. Ans: D 195. While wandering through the streets of a foreign city for the first time, Maurice experienced a strange sense of familiarity with the city's landmarks as if he had been in this exact location before. His experience best illustrates A) anterograde amnesia. B) proactive interference. C) positive transfer. D) déjà vu. Ans: D 196. Source amnesia helps to explain A) déjà vu. B) sensory memory. C) proactive interference. D) implicit memory. Ans: A 197. Experiment participants viewed symbols on a computer screen without knowing that these symbols had earlier been subliminally flashed on the screen. Half the participants reported experiencing A) the misinformation effect. B) anterograde amnesia. C) déjà vu. D) the spacing effect. Ans: C 198. Research on memory construction indicates that A) recent events are more vulnerable to memory distortion than events from our more distant past. B) false memories often feel as real as true memories. C) hypnotic suggestion is a particularly effective technique for accurate memory retrieval. D) it is very difficult to lead people to construct memories of events that never happened. Ans: B 199. Dating partners who fall in love tend to ________ how much they liked each other when they first met. Dating partners who break up tend to ________ how much they liked each other when they first met. A) underestimate; underestimate B) overestimate; overestimate C) underestimate; overestimate D) overestimate; underestimate Ans: D 200. Karl and Dee had a joyful wedding ceremony and reception. After their painful divorce, however, they began to remember the wedding as a somewhat hectic and unpleasant event. Their recollections best illustrate the nature of A) proactive interference. B) memory construction. C) repression. D) anterograde amnesia. Ans: B 201. When asked how they felt 10 years ago regarding marijuana issues, people recalled attitudes closer to their current views than to those they actually reported a decade earlier. This best illustrates A) memory construction. B) proactive interference. C) anterograde amnesia. D) positive transfer. Ans: A 202. Which of the following poses the greatest threat to the credibility of children's recollections of sexual abuse? A) repression B) proactive interference C) the misinformation effect D) positive transfer Ans: C 203. Research on young children's false eyewitness recollections has indicated that A) children are less susceptible to source amnesia than adults. B) children are no more susceptible to the misinformation effect than adults. C) it is surprisingly difficult for both children and professional interviewers to reliably separate the children's true memories from false memories. D) all of these statements are true. Ans: C 204. When children are interviewed about their recollections of possible sexual abuse, their reports are especially credible if A) they are asked specific, detailed questions about the issue rather than more general, open-ended questions. B) after responding to an interviewer, they are repeatedly asked the same question they just answered. C) they use anatomically correct dolls to indicate if and where they had been physically touched. D) involved adults have not discussed the issue with them prior to the interview. Ans: D 205. Incest survivors who lack conscious memories of their sexual abuse may be told they are repressing the memory. This explanation for their lack of abuse memories emphasizes A) anterograde amnesia. B) encoding failure. C) proactive interference. D) retrieval failure. Ans: D 206. Which of the following techniques used by professional therapists is(are) likely to promote false memories in some patients? A) hypnosis B) guided imagery C) dream analysis D) all of these techniques Ans: D 207. To help resolve the controversy over reports of repressed memories of sexual abuse, major psychological and psychiatric associations suggest that A) all our experiences are preserved somewhere in our minds. B) the more stressful an experience is, the more quickly it will be consciously forgotten. C) repression is the most common mechanism underlying the failure to recall early childhood abuse. D) adult memories of experiences happening before age 3 are unreliable. Ans: D 208. Research reports of repression and recovered memories indicate that A) people rarely recall memories of long-forgotten events. B) most extremely traumatic life experiences are never encoded in long-term memory. C) only those memories recovered with the help of a professional psychotherapist are likely to be reliable. D) extremely stressful life experiences are especially likely to be well remembered. Ans: D 209. By consciously rehearsing in many separate study sessions over the semester the facts you need to learn, you are most clearly taking advantage of A) proactive interference. B) the peg-word system. C) distributed practice. D) automatic processing. Ans: C 210. Forming many conscious associations between new course material and facts you already know is an effective way to build a network of A) retrieval cues. B) sensory memories. C) implicit memories. D) defense mechanisms. Ans: A 211. People should avoid back-to-back study times for learning Spanish and French vocabulary in order to minimize A) déjà vu. B) mnemonics. C) implicit memory. D) interference. Ans: D 212. During sleep, the brain consolidates information into ________ memory. A) working B) recognition C) long-term D) sensory Ans: C