Psychology Exam Section I

Psychology Practice Exam From the 2022 Administration PSYCHOLOGY SECTION I Time— Till shift ends 100 Questions Directions: Each of the questions or incomplete statements below is followed by five suggested answers or completions. Select the one that is best in each case and then fill in the corresponding circle on the answer sheet. 2. A person with obsessive-compulsive disorder is best described as an individual who experiences 1. A psychotherapist who believes that deviant behavior can be traced either to genetic anom(A) memory loss alies or to problems in the physical structure of (B) intense mood swings the brain most likely subscribes to which of the (C) extreme fear of open spaces following views of abnormality? (D) physical symptoms with no known cause (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) Cognitive Behavioral Biomedical Sociological Psychoanalytic (E) persistent anxiety-provoking thoughts 3. A research design involves two randomly assigned groups of participants. One group receives a one-time treatment, and the other does not. Later, the two groups are compared to see whether the treatment had an effect. Psychologists call this kind of research (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) 4. The area of the brain stem that is important in controlling breathing is the a correlational study an experiment a case study a survey a cross-sequential study (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) suprachiasmatic nucleus cerebellum limbic system medulla hippocampus 5. Egocentrism, animism, and artificialism are characteristic of which of Jean Piaget’s stages of cognitive development? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) Sensorimotor Preoperational Postformal Concrete operations Formal operations 6. Which of the following would an industrialorganizational psychologist be LEAST likely to study? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) -4- Managerial skills Employee motivation Job satisfaction Corporate profitability Pay incentive programs GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. 7. Vic has unpredictable and repeated attacks of overwhelming anxiety that frequently leave him dizzy, nauseous, short of breath, and in tears. A psychologist is likely to view Vic’s behavior as indicative of (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) 11. Balance is influenced by the (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) a panic disorder a psychotic breakdown a dissociative reaction a phobia an obsession 12. Humanistic psychologists believe that the drive toward self-actualization is (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) 8. A stereotype is defined as which of the following? (A) An adjustment of one’s behavior in response to peer pressure (B) An action performed in response to authority (C) A belief that one’s own culture is superior to all others (D) A generalization about a social group (E) A negative action taken against someone who is a member of a social group (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) Identification Denial Projection Reaction formation Sublimation 14. Harry Harlow’s experiments with rhesus monkeys suggest which of the following as most important for infants when establishing an attachment to their mothers? Sleep apnea Narcolepsy Insomnia Circadian rhythm sleep disorder Somnambulism (A) The amount of time spent with the mother (B) The mother’s ability to protect the infant from physical harm (C) The mother’s ability to provide nourish-ment to the infant (D) The tactile characteristics of the mother (E) The particular vocalizations of the mother 10. The perceived pitch of a tone is largely determined by its (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) primarily associated with peak experiences associated with extroversion typical of older individuals innate a developmental task of adolescence 13. A stubborn individual who accuses peers of being uncooperative is exhibiting which of the following defense mechanisms? 9. Rafael has a sleep disorder for which he takes medically prescribed amphetamines. For which of the following sleep disorders is Rafael most likely being treated? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) cochlea basilar membrane eardrum auditory nerve semicircular canals loudness timbre amplitude complexity frequency -5- GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. 15. The biological clock that operates in human beings to adjust their functioning to night-and-day periodicity is referred to as (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) 19. The brain scans of people with amnesia are most likely to show damage to the (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) spontaneous neural activity the biofeedback monitor a fixed-interval schedule a circadian rhythm active consciousness 20. In treating a patient for depression, Dr. Pratt focuses on changing the ways in which the patient interprets events. Which type of therapy is Dr. Pratt using? 16. Visual acuity is best in the (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) lens iris pupil fovea cornea (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) 17. Individuals who believe that an unpleasant experience is unavoidable and therefore do nothing to change the course of events are exhibiting (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) Cognitive Self-efficacy Biomedical Learning Psychodynamic 21. Understanding that things continue to exist even when they are not within view is called self-actualization attributes the fight-or-flight response attributional deficits cognitive dissonance learned helplessness (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) 18. Which of the following systems produces, circulates, and regulates levels of hormones in the body? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) hippocampus hypothalamus medulla reticular formation cerebellum mental representation deep structure a schema object permanence assimilation 22. When is it permissible for a psychologist to share a client’s test scores with another person? (A) When an employer inquires about the mental health status of the client (B) When the client provides written permission to share results (C) When a school official requests the test scores to aid in a college admission decision (D) When the test scores are within the normal range (E) Never Circulatory system Endocrine system Limbic system Sympathetic nervous system Parasympathetic nervous system -6- GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. 23. Community psychologists intervene at the primary level when they 26. The rationale underlying the use of projective personality tests, such as the Rorschach Test and the Thematic Apperception Test, is that they (A) design prevention programs for potential problems before the problems actually occur (B) deinstitutionalize individuals through the use of halfway houses (C) treat currently existing problems before they reach epidemic proportions (D) treat currently existing problems only after they have reached epidemic proportions (E) treat a disease in an attempt to slow the spread of it (A) can be efficiently administered in groups and scored by computer (B) can be given by almost anyone, since they are simple to administer and score (C) reveal the subjects’ personalities by eliciting responses to vague, ambiguous stimuli (D) provide clues to the subjects’ personalities based on behavioral theory (E) reveal patterns of the subjects’ personality traits by requiring responses to a large number of objective questions 24. On individual intelligence tests such as the Stanford-Binet and Wechsler scales, an IQ of 100 indicates that the test taker 27. The tendency to develop a positive attitude toward a product that has been advertised repeatedly in the media is referred to as (A) correctly answered all of the items on the test (B) obtained the highest scores in the standard-ization sample (C) scored at the average level for test takers of the same age (D) scored above the level of the average American adult (E) took as long as the average test taker to answer the test items (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) impression management the Purkinje shift the mere-exposure effect reaction formation subliminal suggestion 28. As you watch a friend walk away from you, your retinal image of your friend gets smaller. Despite this, you do not perceive him to be shrinking. This is an example of 25. Which of the following is LEAST likely to affect the immune system’s ability to ward off illness? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (A) Exposure to stress associated with final examination week (B) Having a serious argument with a close friend (C) Experiencing the death of a loved one (D) Being around someone who has a serious case of the flu (E) Suffering sleep deprivation due to staying up for several nights writing a research paper -7- motion parallax retinal disparity size constancy continuity common fate GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. 29. Which of the following is the correct sequence of the neural chain of events set in motion by an environmental stimulus? 32. When a newborn infant is touched on the cheek, the infant will turn its head toward the source of stimulation. This behavior is known as (A) Receptors, afferent neurons, interneurons, efferent neurons, effectors (B) Receptors, efferent neurons, interneurons, afferent neurons, effectors (C) Interneurons, effectors, receptors, afferent neurons, efferent neurons (D) Effectors, interneurons, receptors, afferent neurons, efferent neurons (E) Effectors, receptors, afferent neurons, efferent neurons, interneurons (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) rooting suckling the patellar reflex the Moro reflex the Babinski reflex 33. Neurotransmitters are typically stored in which of the following parts of a neuron? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) 30. An advantage of group therapy over individual therapy is that group therapy (A) (B) (C) (D) requires less commitment from the client achieves results more quickly produces a significantly higher recovery rate produces a higher rate of spontaneous remission (E) enables clients to realize that their problems are not unique The nodes of Ranvier The myelin sheath The terminal buttons The soma The axon 34. In order to yield information that is generalizable to the population from which it was drawn, a sample must be (A) made up of at least 30 members of the popu-lation (B) as large as possible (C) normally distributed (D) representative of the population (E) made up of at least 50 percent of the members of the population 31. A study can be regarded as scientific only if (A) it utilizes an effective placebo (B) its findings are accepted by experts in the field (C) its findings are consistent with established theories (D) its conclusions are based on strong correla-tional data (E) its conclusions can be verified or refuted by subsequent studies -8- GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. 35. Individuals exhibiting a hostile type A personality pattern are at an increased risk for (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) 39. According to Freudian theory, the component of the personality that is “blind, impulsive, and irrational” is the Alzheimer’s disease cardiovascular disease schizophrenia substance abuse anorexia nervosa (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) 36. The factors chiefly responsible for interpersonal attraction include (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) 40. In a research study, informed consent is a concern of proximity and similarity contrasting values similar tendencies to dominate or submit similar attitudes toward authority shared attributional biases (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) 37. In a memory study, the experimenter reads the same list of words to two groups. She asks group A to count the letters in each word, and she asks group B to focus on the meaning of each word for a later memory quiz. During a recall test, participants in group B recall significantly more words than participants in group A. Memory researchers attribute this effect to differences in (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) replicability ethics statistical significance practical applicability cross-cultural representativeness 41. The correlation between two measures obtained on a group of individuals is graphically represented as a (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) priming levels of processing proactive interference procedural memory episodic memory bar graph normal distribution histogram scatterplot frequency polygon 42. The concept of habituation is best exemplified by which of the following situations? (A) An infant recognizes her father’s voice. (B) A college student is no longer kept awake by her roommate’s late-night typing. (C) A kitten avoids a couch after being reprimanded for sitting on it. (D) A rat learns to press a bar for food when a red light is flashed. (E) A motorist drives at the speed limit when there is a police officer in sight on the highway. 38. Rational-emotive behavior therapy assumes that abnormal functioning results from which of the following? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) ego ego-ideal id libido superego Repression of unpleasant emotions Malfunctions of the body Unconscious conflict Inadequate reinforcement Unreasonable beliefs or assumptions -9- GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. 46. David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel’s research on responses of the brain to visual stimuli showed that (A) patterns are recognized exclusively by template matching (B) many cortical cells respond most strongly to specific visual information (C) pattern recognition occurs in the lateral geniculate nucleus (D) the retinal image must be upside down to be recognized (E) pattern recognition is better in normalsighted individuals than in nearsighted or farsighted individuals 43. The reversible figure above illustrates the Gestalt organizing principle of (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) proximity figure-ground closure common fate simplicity 47. Judy believes that her fate is determined by her own actions. Judy’s belief best illustrates 44. Staff members at a mental health hospital do not respond to patients who use threats, but praise patients who are courteous. Which of the following psychotherapeutic approaches is being used? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) Assertiveness training Cognitive therapy Behavioral therapy Humanistic therapy Psychoanalytic therapy self-actualization psychological reactance a preoperational schema the basis for psychological determinism an internal locus of control 48. An instructor conducted an experiment to determine the effects of two different methods of study on the amount students learned in introductory physics. The results showed that the average amount learned by the group using one method was greater than the average amount learned by the group using the other. However, the difference was not statistically significant. Which of the following is the most appropriate conclusion to be drawn? 45. Which of the following is the best example of shaping? (A) A child receives five dollars each time he cleans his room. (B) An employee receives a termination notice after coming to work late every day over a period of three months. (C) A child gets candy from a dispenser one time but gets nothing from the dispenser the next two times. (D) A teacher rewards a student for sitting quietly for ten minutes on Monday, fifteen minutes on Tuesday, twenty minutes on Wednesday, and thirty minutes on Thursday. (E) A rat receives a mild shock each time it tries to open the door of its cage. (A) The group of students attaining the higher mean score had studied more than the other group. (B) The better study method will have different effects for students of varying levels of ability. (C) Neither group learned a significant amount. (D) There is a positive correlation between the results of the two methods. (E) There is a possibility that the difference between the two groups occurred by chance. -10- GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. 49. A student’s test score of 86 is at the 42nd percentile. This means that this student has 53. For extinction to occur, which of the following must be true of the conditioned response (CR), the conditioned stimulus (CS), and the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) ? (A) received the 42nd highest score (B) answered 86 percent of the test items correctly (C) scored the same as 42 of her fellow students (D) scored the same as or higher than 42 percent of her fellow students (E) scored the same as or higher than 58 percent of her fellow students (A) The CR occurs after the CS but does not occur after other stimuli. (B) The CR occurs after a stimulus that is similar to the CS. (C) The CS and the UCS are repeatedly paired, and the CR gains strength. (D) The CS is repeatedly presented in the absence of the UCS, and the CR loses strength. (E) When the CR loses strength, a rest period is given, after which the CS again elicits the CR. 50. Which of the following provides information regarding brain function by monitoring the brain at work through metabolism of glucose? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) Computed tomography (CT) Electrooculography (EOG) Electroencephalography (EEG) Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Positron emission tomography (PET) 54. Which of the following behaviors is most closely associated with the foot-in-the-door phenomenon? (A) Beth continues to participate in class because she is positively reinforced. (B) Adam is sleeping while the rest of his classmates are working on their group project. (C) Sutan asks his father for $5, and when he agrees, Sutan asks him for $15 more. (D) James feels pressure to go to the movies with his friends even though he prefers to go bowling. (E) Diana feels guilty because she did not help her family clear the table after dinner. 51. A person assembling a tool one week after reading the instructions can remember the first and last steps of the procedure but not the middle ones. This best illustrates which of the following? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) Encoding failure Social facilitation Retrograde amnesia Repression The serial position effect 52. Carol Gilligan’s critique of Lawrence Kohlberg’s stages of moral development focuses primarily on 55. A child who learns that spoons are tableware and then correctly calls forks and knives tableware is demonstrating (A) the order in which stages of moral develop-ment occur (B) the key events that mark the transitions between stages of moral development (C) the number of stages in moral development (D) how the course of moral development might be altered within certain cultures (E) differences between males and females in the course of moral development (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) -11- rote learning imitation training discrimination training stimulus generalization classical conditioning GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. 60. John B. Watson is best known as the founder of 56. Which of the following best describes the response of members of the American Psychological Association to ethical issues in research? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (A) They have just begun to address such issues. (B) They disclaim ethical concerns regarding research. (C) They have developed codes of ethics for research with human participants only. (D) They have developed codes of ethics for research with animal subjects only. (E) They have developed codes of ethics for research with both human participants and animal subjects. 61. Photoreceptors relay visual information to the brain through which of the following cells? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) 57. Lithium carbonate has been useful in some instances in the treatment of (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) bipolar disorder dissociative identity disorder autistic disorder hypochondriasis anorexia nervosa Trigeminal and vestibular Ganglion and vestibular Bipolar and vestibular Bipolar and Schwann Bipolar and ganglion 62. Robert Rescorla’s contingency model of classical conditioning states that (A) conditioning occurs only when one event reliably predicts another (B) contiguity of stimuli is sufficient for condi-tioning to occur (C) reinforcement contingencies predict extinction (D) any stimulus can become conditioned when paired with an unconditioned stimulus (E) the only difference between the conditioned response and the unconditioned response is the stimulus used to elicit them 58. Which of the following is an example of a prelinguistic event? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) behaviorism functionalism rationalism structuralism mechanism Telegraphic speech Motherese Babbling Holophrasing Paraphrasing 59. All of the following are reasons for requiring clearly specified procedures for the administration and scoring of assessment measures, such as standardized tests, EXCEPT to 63. Which of the following types of validity is established by demonstrating that there is a correlation between scores on a test and later academic performance? (A) allow comparisons among scores of various test takers (B) reduce the possible effects of extraneous variables on scores (C) increase the reliability and validity of the test scores (D) decrease the amount of time needed to administer the test (E) increase the objectivity of the scoring procedures used (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) -12- Content Predictive Face Concurrent Test-retest GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. 64. Which of the following best supports the hypothesis that basic human emotions, such as sadness, are innate? 67. Developmental research on the formation of attachment indicates that a child’s secure attachment to its mother during infancy is predictive of which of the following during its toddler years? (A) Individuals typically experience a rise in blood pressure when they are afraid or angry. (B) Most individuals can distinguish between expressions of different basic emotions during the sensorimotor period. (C) Basic emotions are understood and expressed in a similar fashion by individuals from diverse cultures. (D) Most individuals can identify their own emotional states from their physiological symptoms and the context of their present situation. (E) Infants and young animals cry when they are hungry. (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) 68. Hallucinations are characteristic of (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) fugue clinical depression panic attacks psychotic disorders personality disorders 69. Alfred Binet’s efforts to measure intelligence were directed at 65. In studying the behavior of five year olds in freeplay situations, a cognitive psychologist would be most interested in the children’s (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) Social rejection Impulsive behavior Social competence Divergent thinking Shyness (A) testing the worth of various theoretical definitions (B) operationally defining one theory of intelligence (C) predicting children’s success in school (D) selecting workers for successful job performance (E) establishing the learning potential of French military recruits problem-solving strategies toy preferences degree of cooperative behavior prosocial play activities choice of playmates 66. Which of the following results of correlational studies implies that environment contributes to the determination of IQ? 70. Training in the construction of an anxiety hierarchy and in relaxation techniques is likely to be part of the treatment for which of the following? (A) Correlations are higher for identical twins than for fraternal twins. (B) Correlations are higher for children and their biological parents than for children and their adoptive parents. (C) Correlations are higher for parents and their children than for husbands and wives. (D) Correlations for two children in the same family are lower when one of the children is adopted than when both are the biological offspring of the parents. (E) Correlations for children and their adoptive parents are statistically significant and positive. (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) -13- Schizophrenia Bipolar disorder Specific phobia Obsessive-compulsive disorder Dissociative identity disorder GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. 71. A supervisor who doubts the competence of a new employee unwittingly criticizes everything the new employee does. If the new employee consequently performs poorly, which of the following will most likely have occurred? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) 75. Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer view emotion as resulting from (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) Latent learning Pluralistic ignorance A self-fulfilling prophecy The halo effect The Hawthorne effect 76. The tendency to believe that another person’s behavior is caused by dispositional factors rather than by environmental factors is called 72. According to Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, the need to have respect for ourselves and to be valued by others is classified within the category of (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) physiological needs safety needs belongingness needs esteem needs self-actualization needs (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) Parasympathetic Sympathetic Neostriatum Somatic Cortical withdrawal symptoms alcohol-induced psychosis state-dependent learning alcohol tolerance delirium tremens 78. Which of the following most accurately describes a dependent variable? 74. Alicia has started a new and very different job but believes in her skills and ability to carry out the tasks required of her. Albert Bandura would refer to Alicia’s sense of confidence as which of the following? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) situational attribution impression management the fundamental attribution error an implicit personality theory identification 77. An individual who drinks alcohol daily finds it necessary to drink increasing amounts to achieve the state of well-being attained in the past. This individual is showing 73. Which part of the nervous system is most immediately activated by sudden fear? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) biochemical changes in the pituitary cognitive labels of physiological changes instinctual behavior level of arousal need for affiliation (A) Some characteristic of research participants that is constant, such as gender (B) Some aspect of a participant’s response that is measured in an experiment (C) A factor that is manipulated by the experi-menter in order to observe its effects on some other factor (D) A factor that can be used to predict how people in an experiment will respond (E) A factor that is equated for the experimental and the control group Reciprocal determinism Self-determination Psychic determinism Self-efficacy Phenomenology -14- GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. 79. All human languages have several basic sounds in common called 81. A technique that enables a person to control physiological responses that are normally involuntary, such as level of blood pressure, (A) pheromones is known as (B) semantic units (C) syntactic units (D) morphemes (E) phonemes (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) 80. The sequence of shifts in the electrical charge of a neuron is called (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) general adaptation positive reinforcement reward training modeling biofeedback neural integration refraction synaptic transmission the action potential differential conduction -15- GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. 82. Which of the following is the best interpretation of Solomon Asch’s findings, pictured above, concerning conformity in perceptual judgments? (A) The larger the group, the greater the conformity of group members. (B) The smaller the group, the greater the conformity of group members. (C) Conformity increases as group size increases to about four persons. (D) Conformity decreases as group size decreases to about four persons. (E) There is no relationship between group size and conformity. 83. Mental shortcuts or rules of thumb that help solve problems and reduce mental effort are called (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) 84. The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory is used primarily to provide information about which of the following? heuristics algorithms syllogisms propositions concepts (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) Achievement Communication skills Intelligence Body image Clinical disorders GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. -16- 85. Which of the following is true of the frequency distributions shown in the graphs above? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) Distribution A has more variation than distributions B or C. Distribution B has more variation than distributions A or C. Distribution B and distribution C have the same variation. The standard deviation of distribution A is infinite. The standard deviation of distribution B is zero. 86. Which of the following is a partial reinforcement schedule that is most resistant to extinction? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) 88. Which of the following concepts provides the best explanation for why people seek to put on warmer clothing when they start to feel cold? Noncontingent Shaping Variable ratio Fixed ratio Fixed interval (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) 87. A young child shown a nine-inch round bowl and a six-inch round bowl containing equal amounts of popcorn says he is certain the smaller bowl has more popcorn than the larger bowl. This child has yet to acquire what Jean Piaget called (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) Set-point theory Homeostasis Self-serving bias Refractory period Assimilation 89. The linguistic relativity hypothesis of Benjamin Whorf suggests which of the following? object permanence equilibrium functional fixedness conservation circular reactions (A) People of different cultures use similar words for common objects. (B) Languages with many words to describe certain phenomena lack deep structure. (C) The number of phonemes used in spoken language is universal across cultures. (D) People of cultures with few words to describe certain phenomena are more precise in their descriptions. (E) Speakers of different languages think differently due to the differences in their languages. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. -17- about:blank 15/20 90. An individual diagnosed as having a somatoform disorder would be most likely to show 93. Memory for automatic activities, such as bike riding and handwriting, is known as (A) an irrational fear of social situations (B) an inability to recall important life events (C) a biologically unfounded loss of bodily func-tioning (D) a complete disregard for social mores (E) a tendency to engage in ritualistic behavior to avoid illness (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) 94. After discussing a topic, a group makes a decision that is more extreme than the average position of all of the group members prior to discussion. The group’s action is an example of 91. “It belongs to human nature to hate those you have injured.” This belief is best explained by (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) cognitive dissonance theory the two-factor theory of emotion evolutionary psychology the availability heuristic drive-reduction theory (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) 92. To score high on a test of creativity, a person’s answers should be (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) declarative semantic sensory procedural repressed group consensus group polarization group consistency the mere-exposure effect diffusion of responsibility 95. Brain damage that leaves a person capable of understanding speech but with an impaired ability to produce speech most likely indicates injury to which of the following? original and valuable normative and divergent normative and convergent unconscious and illogical simple and contextual (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) -18- The basal ganglia Wernicke’s area The substantia nigra Broca’s area The inferior colliculi GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. 96. Gender differences have most often been found in which of the following? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) 97. Which of the following statements best depicts the concept of incentive theory? Aggression Short-term memory Auditory discrimination Visual acuity Pattern matching (A) Roger has not eaten all day; therefore, he daydreams about pizza. (B) Pam was extremely thirsty and drank two bottles of water after running two miles. (C) Jennifer studies hard because her parents reward her by paying $20 for each superior grade that she brings home. (D) Despite low grades, Fred continues to study because he is interested in the material. (E) Kevin says that he is constantly hungry and eats at least five meals a day to reduce his hunger. -19- GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. 98. The correlation between scores obtained on two halves of a single test yields information about the test’s (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) reliability validity frequency distribution of scores central tendency of scores standard error of measurement 100. Failure to recognize that an object typically not used for a particular purpose can, in fact, serve that purpose illustrates which of the following? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) Schema Functional fixedness Availability Insight Confirmation bias 99. Vance is a popular honors student who, unlike his reference group, writes his best papers sitting on his motorcycle in the basement of his college dor-mitory. His behavior can be considered abnormal only if abnormality is defined as (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) the need to rebel against authority disinterest in the opinion of others the perception of one’s self as different deviation from cultural norms the inability to work in a group Section 2 2. Lauren loves her parents very much but is so committed to playing the violin that she transferred from her original college to a music school against their wishes. Lauren practices and studies violin with a group of talented students. She aspires to a life as a concert musician. A. Explain how the concept of approach-approach conflict may have contributed to Lauren’s decision to change schools. B. Explain how self-actualization may contribute to Lauren’s desire to play the violin. C. Using the following psychological terms, describe why Lauren plays the violin. • Intrinsic motivation • Social learning theory D. Explain how each of the following can affect Lauren as she plays the violin. • Acetylcholine • Difference threshold • Social facilitation Question 2 is reprinted for your convenience. 2. Lauren loves her parents very much but is so committed to playing the violin that she transferred from her original college to a music school against their wishes. Lauren practices and studies violin with a group of talented students. She aspires to a life as a concert musician. A. Explain how the concept of approach-approach conflict may have contributed to Lauren’s decision to change schools. B. Explain how self-actualization may contribute to Lauren’s desire to play the violin. C. Using the following psychological terms, describe why Lauren plays the violin. • Intrinsic motivation • Social learning theory D. Explain how each of the following can affect Lauren as she plays the violin. • Acetylcholine • Difference threshold • Social facilitation STOP END OF EXAM