Module 8 Answers Part 2

53. Some of the information in our ________ memory is encoded into ________ memory. A) iconic; short-term B) short-term; sensory C) working; echoic D) long-term; iconic Ans: A 54. George Miller proposed that about seven information bits constitutes the capacity of ________ memory. A) short-term B) explicit C) long-term D) implicit Ans: A 55. To retain a newly introduced nonsense syllable in our working memory, it is most clearly necessary to engage in A) chunking. B) shallow processing. C) rehearsal. D) automatic processing. Ans: C 56. Peterson and Peterson demonstrated that unrehearsed short-term memories for three consonants almost completely decay in as short a time as A) 12 seconds. B) 1 minute. C) 12 minutes. D) 1 hour. Ans: A 57. After being asked to remember three consonants, participants in a study by Peterson and Peterson counted aloud backward by threes to prevent A) shallow processing. B) iconic memory. C) encoding failure. D) rehearsal. Ans: D 58. Imagine seeing a letter of the alphabet, then a simple question, then another letter, followed by another question, and so on. People who can consciously process and recall the most letters, despite such interruptions, are demonstrating effective A) echoic memory. B) procedural memory. C) implicit memory. D) working memory. Ans: D 59. The ability to retain more information after sleep and to be creative problem solvers has been found to be most closely associated with a large ________ memory capacity. A) iconic B) implicit C) echoic D) working Ans: D 60. Chunking refers to A) getting information into memory through the use of visual imagery. B) the organization of information into meaningful units. C) the unconscious encoding of incidental information. D) the tendency to recognize names we can't recall. Ans: B 61. Varsity basketball players can recall the positions of the players after a 4-second glance at a basketball play. This ability is best explained in terms of A) the spacing effect. B) chunking. C) the self-reference effect. D) implicit memory. Ans: B 62. Sherry easily remembers the telephone reservation number for Holiday Inn by using the mnemonic 1-800-HOLIDAY. She is using a memory aid known as A) chunking. B) the spacing effect. C) automatic processing. D) the peg-word system. Ans: A 63. A mnemonic is a A) sensory memory. B) test or measure of memory. C) long-term memory. D) memory aid. Ans: D 64. We are more likely to remember the words “bicycle, cigarette, and fire” than the words “void, process, and inherent.” This best illustrates the value of A) the spacing effect. B) implicit memory. C) imagery. D) iconic memory. Ans: C 65. Associating carrots with a mental image of a bun, milk with a mental image of a shoe, and paper towels with a mental image of a tree best illustrates A) implicit memory. B) the peg-word system. C) iconic memory. D) the spacing effect. Ans: B 66. The use of mnemonics such as the peg-word system illustrates A) automatic processing. B) the self-reference effect. C) effortful processing. D) echoic memory. Ans: C 67. Using the mnemonic ROY G. BIV to remember the colors of the rainbow in the order of wavelength illustrates the use of A) the testing effect. B) acronyms. C) the spacing effect. D) the peg-word system. Ans: B 68. Tim, a third-grader, learns the sentence “George Eats Old Gray Rats and Paints Houses Yellow” to help him remember the spelling of “geography.” Tim is using A) a mnemonic technique. B) the spacing effect. C) implicit memory. D) the peg-word system. Ans: A 69. Sabrina went to the store for furniture polish, carrots, pencils, ham, sponges, celery, notebook paper, and salami. She remembered to buy all these items by reminding herself that she needed food products that included meats and vegetables and that she needed nonfood products that included school supplies and cleaning aids. Sabrina made effective use of A) the spacing effect. B) hierarchical organization. C) the peg-word system. D) procedural memory. Ans: B 70. Jamille is taking French in school. She gets her best grades on vocabulary tests if she studies for 15 minutes every day for 8 days than if she crams for 2 hours the night before the test. This illustrates what is known as A) the spacing effect. B) the peg-word system. C) chunking. D) automatic processing. Ans: A 71. Students who study throughout the term and then restudy course material at the end of a semester to pass a comprehensive final are especially likely to demonstrate long-term retention of the course material. This best illustrates A) implicit memory. B) the self-reference effect. C) chunking. D) the spacing effect. Ans: D 72. The testing effect refers to the enhanced memory resulting from A) retrieving information from memory. B) the automatic processing of information. C) combining information into larger chunks. D) rereading previously studied information. Ans: A 73. The importance of effortful processing for long-term retention of memories is best illustrated by A) the testing effect. B) implicit memory. C) classically conditioned associations. D) iconic memory. Ans: A 74. Answering questions about what she had read in her psychology textbook improves Shauna's memory of the material more effectively than rereading the textbook material. This best illustrates A) the peg-word system. B) the self-reference effect. C) automatic processing. D) the testing effect. Ans: D 75. Encoding a written word semantically rather than on the basis of the word's written appearance illustrates a distinction between A) implicit and explicit memory. B) deep and shallow processing. C) iconic and echoic memory. D) massed and distributed practice. Ans: B 76. Encoding verbal information semantically involves A) shallow processing. B) echoic memory. C) deep processing. D) iconic memory. Ans: C 77. Encoding words based on the appearance of the word's letters involves A) the spacing effect. B) shallow processing. C) the peg-word system. D) distributed practice. Ans: B 78. Craik and Tulving experimentally demonstrated that people effectively remember seeing a specific word after they decide whether that word fits into an incomplete sentence. This research highlighted the effectiveness of A) distributed practice. B) the peg-word system. C) deep processing. D) echoic memory. Ans: C 79. Using your working memory to associate an unfamiliar textbook glossary term with other familiar words that are similar in meaning to the glossary term best illustrates A) automatic processing. B) the spacing effect. C) deep processing. D) the peg-word system. Ans: C 80. Which of the following questions would best enable you to remember that you saw the word PEACH on today's test? A) Does the word rhyme with teach? B) Is the word italicized? C) Does the word contain five letters? D) Is the word a type of fruit? Ans: D 81. When people are asked to recall a list of words they had earlier memorized, they often substitute synonyms for some of the words on the original list. This best illustrates the impact of A) automatic processing. B) distributed practice. C) semantic processing. D) echoic memory. Ans: C 82. Ebbinghaus found that memorizing familiar words required much less effort than memorizing nonsense syllables. This best illustrates the advantage of A) the spacing effect. B) implicit memory. C) acronyms. D) semantic processing. Ans: D 83. Children can better remember an ancient Latin verse if they rehearse the meanings of the Latin words. This best illustrates the value of A) iconic memory. B) deep processing. C) procedural memory. D) the peg-word system. Ans: B 84. Instead of simply repeating a series of numbers he wants to remember, David mentally associates the numbers with meaningful dates such as his friends' birthdays. This best illustrates A) chunking. B) automatic processing. C) procedural memory. D) deep processing. Ans: D 85. We are more likely to recall adjectives if asked how well they describe us than if asked how well they describe someone else. This illustrates A) automatic processing. B) distributed practice. C) the self-reference effect. D) echoic memory. Ans: C 86. To remember the information presented in her psychology textbook, Susan often relates it to her own life experiences. Susan's strategy is an effective memory aid because it facilitates A) iconic memory. B) deep processing. C) implicit memory. D) massed practice. Ans: B 87. Which type of memory has an essentially limitless capacity? A) working memory B) short-term memory C) long-term memory D) flashbulb memory Ans: C 88. Karl Lashley trained rats to solve a maze and then removed pieces of their cortexes. He observed that storage of their maze memories A) was restricted to their right cerebral hemispheres. B) was restricted to their left and right frontal lobes. C) was restricted to their left and right temporal lobes. D) was not restricted to single, specific regions of the cortex. Ans: D 89. Research on the storage of memory indicates that A) our brains can store new memories only if they discard some old memories. B) our capacity for storing information in our short-term working memory has no real limit. C) our brains distribute the components of a memory across a network of locations. D) once memories are consolidated in storage, they can never be forgotten. Ans: C 90. Recalling information and holding it in working memory requires that many brain regions send input to your A) B) C) D) Ans: basal ganglia. hypothalamus. frontal lobes. cerebellum. C 91. Recalling an old password and holding it in working memory would be most likely to activate the A) right frontal lobe. B) left frontal lobe. C) right cerebellum. D) left cerebellum. Ans: B 92. Recalling the stunning visual images of a Broadway musical and holding them in working memory would most clearly require activation of the A) basal ganglia. B) right frontal lobe. C) cerebellum. D) amygdala. Ans: B 93. Which neural center in the limbic system helps process explicit memories for storage? A) hypothalamus B) basal ganglia C) cerebellum D) hippocampus Ans: D 94. Damage to the hippocampus would most likely interfere with a person's ability to learn A) to ride a bike. B) to eat with a fork. C) a classically conditioned fear response. D) the names of newly introduced people. Ans: D 95. Chickadees and other birds who store food in hundreds of places cannot remember the food storage locations months later if their ________ has been removed. A) amygdala B) basal ganglia C) hippocampus D) cerebellum Ans: C 96. Damage to the ________ is most likely to interfere with explicit memories of newly learned verbal information. Damage to the ________ is most likely to interfere with explicit memories of newly learned visual designs. A) right hippocampus; left hippocampus B) left hippocampus; right hippocampus C) right cerebellum; left cerebellum D) left cerebellum; right cerebellum Ans: B 97. After recovering from a stroke, Farina was able to learn how to hit a tennis ball. She is unable, however, to learn and remember the name of the rehabilitation therapist who has been working with her each day to develop her tennis swing. Farina is most likely to have suffered damage to her A) cerebellum. B) hypothalamus. C) basal ganglia. D) hippocampus. Ans: D 98. Memory consolidation refers to the neural ________ of a long-term memory. A) encoding B) priming C) retrieval D) storage Ans: D 99. The process in which memories registered in the hippocampus are transferred for longterm storage to other regions of the brain illustrates A) priming. B) memory consolidation. C) the serial position effect. D) the encoding specificity principle. Ans: B 100. Removing a rat's hippocampus 48 hours after it learns the location of some tasty food does not prevent it from forming a long-term memory of where the food is located. This best illustrates the importance of A) the encoding specificity principle. B) state-dependent memory. C) memory consolidation. D) the serial position effect. Ans: C 101. A good night's sleep is most likely to improve exam grades by supporting the process of A) priming. B) encoding specificity. C) memory consolidation. D) mood-congruent memory. Ans: C 102. A good night's sleep improves recall of the previous day's events by facilitating the transfer of memories from the A) amygdala to the hippocampus. B) hippocampus to the cerebral cortex. C) cerebral cortex to the basal ganglia. D) basal ganglia to the cerebellum. Ans: B