Module 7 Answers Part 3

114. Myron quit gambling after he lost over a thousand dollars betting on horse races. This best illustrates the effects of A) negative reinforcers. B) shaping. C) spontaneous recovery. D) punishment. Ans: D 115. The introduction of a pleasant stimulus is to ________ as the withdrawal of a pleasant stimulus is to ________. A) positive reinforcer; negative reinforcer B) immediate reinforcer ; delayed reinforcer C) reinforcement; punishment D) primary reinforcer; secondary reinforcer Ans: C 116. Negative reinforcement________ the rate of operant responding, and punishment________ the rate of operant responding. A) increases; decreases B) decreases; increases C) decreases; decreases D) has no effect on; decreases Ans: A 117. Administering an aversive stimulus following an operant response is A) negative punishment. B) positive punishment. C) negative reinforcement. D) positive reinforcement. Ans: B 118. Taking away the driver's license of a reckless teen driver is intended to serve as a A) negative reinforcement. B) positive reinforcement. C) negative punishment. D) positive punishment. Ans: C 119. Positive punishment is the introduction of a(n) ________ stimulus following a behavior and negative punishment is the withdrawal of a(n) ________ stimulus following a behavior. A) pleasant; pleasant B) aversive; aversive C) pleasant; aversive D) aversive; pleasant Ans: D 120. A young child who is spanked after running into the street learns not to repeat this behavior. In this case, the spanking is a A) positive reinforcer. B) negative reinforcer. C) positive punishment. D) negative punishment. Ans: C 121. Peggy's use of foul language decreased because it was followed by the loss of her $5 weekly allowance. Taking away Peggy's allowance served as ________ for her foul language. A) negative reinforcement. B) positive punishment. C) secondary reinforcement. D) negative punishment. Ans: D 122. Studies suggest that criminal behavior is most likely to be deterred by A) moderate levels of punishment. B) swiftly delivered punishment. C) severe levels of punishment. D) an unpredictable level of punishment. Ans: B 123. Learning that some responses, but not others, will be reinforced is called A) respondent behavior. B) secondary reinforcement. C) discrimination. D) spontaneous recovery. Ans: C 124. A child who is punished for swearing at home but reinforced for swearing on the school playground is most likely to demonstrate a patterned habit of swearing that is indicative of A) negative reinforcement. B) shaping. C) discrimination. D) extinction. Ans: C 125. The use of physical punishment may A) lead to the suppression but not the forgetting of undesirable behavior. B) model aggression as a way of coping with problems. C) lead people to fear and avoid the punishing agent. D) have all of these results. Ans: D 126. Most psychologists would advise parents who want to change a child's bad behavior to make use of A) shaping over modeling. B) reinforcement over punishment. C) classical conditioning over operant conditioning. D) primary reinforcers over secondary reinforcers. Ans: B 127. According to B. F. Skinner, human behavior is controlled primarily by A) external influences. B) emotions. C) unconscious motives. D) conscious thoughts. Ans: A 128. In explaining juvenile delinquency, B. F. Skinner would most likely have emphasized A) inherited predispositions. B) fear and greed. C) faulty child-raising practices. D) a weak internalized conscience. Ans: C 129. B. F. Skinner's critics have claimed that he neglected the importance of the individual's A) personal freedom. B) early childhood experiences. C) pleasure-seeking tendencies. D) cultural background. Ans: A 130. B. F. Skinner believed that teaching machines could promote effective learning because they allow for both A) delayed reinforcement and generalization. B) positive reinforcement and punishment. C) shaping and immediate reinforcement. D) respondent behavior and spontaneous recovery. Ans: C 131. Which of the following is LEAST likely to be considered an important component of effective student instruction involving the use of interactive software? A) respondent behavior B) immediate reinforcement C) operant behavior D) shaping Ans: A 132. Pacing the presentation of educational materials according to a student's unique level and rate of learning is best exemplified by ________ computer software programs. A) respondent behavior B) adaptive learning C) variable-interval D) secondary conditioning Ans: B 133. Alex learned how to make 3-point basketball shots by successfully making very short shots before shooting from increasingly longer distances from the hoop. This learning strategy best illustrates the process of A) variable-interval scheduling. B) delayed reinforcement. C) spontaneous recovery. D) shaping. Ans: D 134. Two years ago, the de Castellane Manufacturing Company included its employees in a profit-sharing plan in which workers receive semi-annual bonuses based on the company's profits. Since this plan was initiated, worker productivity at de Castellane has nearly doubled. This productivity increase is best explained in terms of A) discrimination. B) operant conditioning. C) classical conditioning. D) spontaneous recovery. Ans: B 135. When grocery shopping with his mother, 4-year-old Hakim sometimes throws temper tantrums if his mother refuses his requests for a particular snack food. Parent-training experts would suggest that his mother should A) threaten to punish Hakim if he continues his tantrums. B) offer to buy the snack food Hakim wants only if he quiets down and behaves himself. C) continue shopping while ignoring Hakim's tantrums. D) return any snack foods that are already in her cart to the store shelves. Ans: C 136. To get you to increase the frequency of your daily exercise, operant behavior specialists are most likely to recommend that you A) specify your exercise goals and how you plan to achieve them. B) congratulate yourself even when you fail to fulfill your specific exercise goals. C) never reward yourself with a light snack after achieving specific exercise goals. D) avoid trying to keep track of exactly how much you have exercised in a specific weekly period. Ans: A 137. Both classical and operant conditioning are forms of A) associative learning. B) respondent behavior. C) continuous reinforcement. D) shaping. Ans: A 138. An organism learns associations between events it does not control during the process of A) negative reinforcement. B) spontaneous recovery. C) classical conditioning. D) shaping. Ans: C 139. A learned association between behaviors and resulting events is central to A) operant conditioning. B) extinction. C) classical conditioning. D) spontaneous recovery. Ans: A 140. A learned association between two stimuli is most central to A) shaping. B) negative reinforcement. C) a fixed-interval schedule. D) classical conditioning. Ans: D 141. The study of respondent behavior is to ________ as the study of operant behavior is to ________. A) Pavlov; Skinner B) Thorndike; Skinner C) Skinner; Thorndike D) Thorndike; Pavlov Ans: A 142. An integrated understanding of associative learning in terms of genetic predispositions, culturally learned preferences, and the predictability of certain associations is most clearly provided by A) Pavlov's experiments. B) Watson's behaviorism. C) a biopsychosocial approach. D) instinctive drift. Ans: C 143. The idea that any perceivable neutral stimulus can serve as a CS was challenged by A) Garcia and Koelling's findings on taste aversion in rats. B) Pavlov's findings on the conditioned salivary response. C) Rescorla's findings about the effects of expectations on an animal's conditioned response. D) Bandura's findings on observational learning and aggression in children. Ans: A 144. Garcia and Koelling's studies of taste aversion in rats demonstrated that classical conditioning is constrained by A) cognitive processes. B) biological predispositions. C) a fixed-interval reinforcement schedule. D) latent learning. Ans: B 145. Evidence that organisms most readily learn behaviors favored by natural selection best illustrates the importance of A) vicarious reinforcement. B) extrinsic motivation. C) conditioned reinforcers. D) biological constraints. Ans: D 146. Which of the following has helped prevent coyotes and wolves from attacking sheep? A) observational learning B) conditioned taste aversion C) positive reinforcement D) latent learning Ans: B 147. Japanese quail can be more rapidly conditioned to get sexually excited by the stuffed head of a female quail than they can be conditioned to get sexually excited by a red light. This is because the stuffed head is more likely than the red light to A) activate mirror neurons. B) be a neutral stimulus. C) inhibit instinctive drift. D) be ecologically relevant. Ans: D 148. In a series of experiments, men found women more attractive and sexually desirable when their photos were framed in A) black. B) yellow. C) violet. D) red. Ans: D 149. Men have been found to be ________ generous in tipping waitresses wearing red than any other color. Women have been found ________ likely to select a red rather than a green shirt when expecting to converse with an attractive rather than an unattractive man. A) less; more B) more; more C) more; less D) less; less Ans: B 150. When chemotherapy in a clinic triggers nausea, cancer patients may develop a nausea response to the sights, sounds, and smells associated with the clinic. This best illustrates A) operant conditioning. B) latent learning. C) classical conditioning. D) observational learning. Ans: C 151. It's easier to train a pigeon to peck a disk for a food reward than to flap its wings for a food reward. This illustrates the importance of ________ in learning. A) extrinsic motivation B) modeling C) cognitive maps D) biological predispositions Ans: D 152. Animals tend to revert from newly learned habits to their biologically predisposed behaviors. This is an example of A) latent learning. B) instinctive drift. C) intrinsic motivation. D) modeling. Ans: B 153. After pigs learned to pick up and deposit wooden coins in a piggy bank, the pigs subsequently dropped the coins repeatedly and pushed them with their snouts. This best illustrates the importance of ________ in operant conditioning. A) taste aversion B) latent learning C) intrinsic motivation D) biological predispositions Ans: D 154. Cognitive learning involves the acquisition of A) intrinsic motivation. B) taste information. C) mental information. D) ecologically relevant behaviors. Ans: C 155. The views of learning advanced by Ivan Pavlov and John B. Watson underestimated the importance of A) neutral stimuli. B) cognitive processes. C) associative learning. D) unconditioned responses. Ans: B 156. The predictability rather than the frequency of CS-US associations appears to be crucial for classical conditioning. This highlights the importance of ________ in conditioning. A) biological predispositions B) latent learning C) intrinsic motivation D) cognitive processes Ans: D 157. Nikki has learned to expect the sound of thunder whenever she sees a flash of lightning. This suggests that associative learning involves A) intrinsic motivation. B) cognitive processes. C) mirror neurons. D) genetic predispositions. Ans: B 158. A psychologist who emphasizes cognitive processes would be likely to suggest that classical conditioning depends on A) an organism's behavior in response to environmental stimulation. B) C) D) Ans: the amount of time between the presentation of the CS and the US. how frequently an organism is exposed to an association of a CS and a US. an organism's expectation that a US will follow a CS. D 159. Research participants formed more gut-level liking for Pokémon characters associated with positive rather than negative images. This best illustrates the impact of A) classical conditioning. B) instinctive drift. C) latent learning. D) intrinsic motivation. Ans: A 160. Megan fails to see any connection between how hard she works and the size of her annual pay raises. Consequently, she no longer puts much effort into her job, even though she really wants a big raise. This best illustrates the importance of ________ in the operant conditioning of work habits. A) intrinsic motivation B) biological predispositions C) latent learning D) cognitive processes Ans: D 161. Operant response rates remain highest when individuals anticipate that their behavior will actually lead to further reinforcement. This best illustrates the importance of ________ in operant conditioning. A) latent learning B) cognitive processes C) biological predispositions D) intrinsic motivation Ans: B 162. After a week at college, Su-Chuan has formed a mental representation of the layout of the campus and no longer gets lost. Su-Chuan has developed a(n) A) cognitive map. B) extrinsic motivation. C) theory of mind. D) fixed-interval schedule. Ans: A 163. Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it is called A) associative learning. B) operant conditioning. C) latent learning. D) shaping. Ans: C 164. If rats are allowed to wander through a complicated maze, they will subsequently run the maze with few errors when a food reward is placed at the end. Their good performance demonstrates A) B) C) D) Ans: prosocial behavior. latent learning. intrinsic motivation. modeling. B 165. The fact that learning can occur without reinforcement is most clearly demonstrated by studies of A) fixed-interval schedules. B) latent learning. C) extrinsic motivation. D) computer-assisted learning. Ans: B 166. Studies of latent learning highlight the importance of A) conditioned stimuli. B) unconditioned stimuli. C) cognitive processes. D) instinctive drift. Ans: C 167. Intrinsic motivation refers to a desire to perform an activity A) with the least amount of effort necessary. B) because it will improve one's reputation. C) in order to avoid anxiety. D) for the sake of its own enjoyment. Ans: D 168. The desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment involves A) latent learning. B) extrinsic motivation. C) classical conditioning. D) a fixed-interval reinforcement schedule. Ans: B 169. Using rewards to bribe people to engage in an activity they already enjoy is most likely to inhibit A) modeling. B) latent learning. C) cognitive processes. D) intrinsic motivation. Ans: D 170. Because Yuri was curious about human behavior, he enrolled in an introductory psychology course. George registered because he heard it was an easy course that would boost his grade-point average. In this instance, Yuri's behavior was a reflection of ________, whereas George's behavior was a reflection of ________. A) operant conditioning; classical conditioning B) intrinsic motivation; extrinsic motivation C) an unconditioned response; a conditioned response D) a biological predisposition; a learned habit Ans: B 171. Our ability to learn by witnessing the behavior of others best illustrates A) classical conditioning. B) prosocial behavior. C) operant conditioning. D) observational learning. Ans: D 172. Dan and Joel, both 4-year-olds, have seen all the Spiderman movies. Joel's mother recently found the boys standing on the garage roof, ready to try jumping across to the next roof. What best accounts for the boys' behavior? A) instinctive drift B) observational learning C) immediate reinforcement D) classical conditioning Ans: B 173. Jeremy wears his baseball cap backward because he noticed that his older brother does so. This illustrates the importance of A) latent learning. B) immediate reinforcement. C) modeling. D) prosocial behavior. Ans: C 174. In a well-known experiment, preschool children pounded and kicked a large inflated Bobo doll that an adult had just beaten on. This experiment served to illustrate the importance of A) operant conditioning. B) classical conditioning. C) observational learning. D) vicarious punishment. Ans: C 175. We are most likely to imitate the behavior of models if we observe that their actions are A) conditioned responses. B) extrinsically motivated. C) followed by reinforcement. D) violent or antisocial. Ans: C 176. The tendency to engage in behaviors that we observe others being rewarded for performing best illustrates the influence of A) prosocial behavior. B) operant conditioning. C) intrinsic motivation. D) vicarious reinforcement. Ans: D