Module 7 Answers Part 2

52. Monica's psychotherapist reminds her so much of her own father that she has many of the same mixed emotional reactions to him that she has to her own dad. Her reactions to her therapist best illustrate the importance of A) spontaneous recovery. B) discrimination. C) an unconditioned response. D) generalization. Ans: D 53. Because of the discomfort and embarrassment associated with his childhood bedwetting, Andrew becomes nervous whenever he senses an urge to urinate. If genital arousal subsequently makes Andrew unusually anxious, this would best illustrate A) observational learning. B) generalization. C) spontaneous recovery. D) an unconditioned response. Ans: B 54. The ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus is called A) acquisition. B) discrimination. C) generalization. D) spontaneous recovery. Ans: B 55. Your heart may race when you are confronted by a lion but not when you are approached by a kitten. This best illustrates the adaptive value of A) operant behavior. B) discrimination. C) higher-order conditioning. D) spontaneous recovery. Ans: B 56. Jacqueline is sexually aroused by the sight of her handsome boyfriend but not by the sight of her equally handsome brother. This best illustrates the value of A) higher-order conditioning. B) extinction. C) discrimination. D) spontaneous recovery. Ans: C 57. Pavlov's studies of classical conditioning were most clearly valuable because they provided the young discipline of psychology with a model of A) animal consciousness. B) scientific methodology. C) cognitive processes. D) introspection. Ans: B 58. Pavlov's research on classical conditioning was important because A) B) it highlighted the role of cognitive processes in learning. so many different species of animals, including humans, can be classically conditioned. C) it demonstrated an essential difference between animal and human learning. D) all learning depends on respondent behavior. Ans: B 59. Just after they taste a sweet liquid, mice are injected with a drug that produces an immune response. Later, the taste of the sweet liquid by itself triggers an immune response. This best illustrates A) operant conditioning. B) spontaneous recovery. C) classical conditioning. D) observational learning. Ans: C 60. To assess whether Mrs. Webster had suffered a brain injury, researchers conditioned her to blink in response to a sound that signaled the delivery of a puff of air directed toward her face. In this application of classical conditioning, the sound was a A) US. B) UR. C) CS. D) CR. Ans: C 61. Watson and Rayner's study of Little Albert demonstrated how specific fears A) can interfere with the process of learning. B) can be extinguished. C) are acquired through observational learning. D) may be produced through classical conditioning. Ans: D 62. After learning to fear a white rat, Little Albert responded with fear to the sight of a rabbit. This best illustrates the process of A) observational learning. B) generalization. C) operant conditioning. D) spontaneous recovery. Ans: B 63. After he was spanked on several occasions for spilling his milk at a restaurant, Colin became afraid to go to the restaurant. In this case, spanking was a(n) ________ for Colin's fear. A) unconditional response B) conditioned stimulus C) secondary conditioner D) unconditioned stimulus Ans: D 64. Comedian-writer Mark Malkoff reported that his fear of flying faded after he faced his fear and lived on an airplane for 30 days. His reduction of fear best illustrated the process of A) operant conditioning. B) extinction. C) spontaneous recovery. D) generalization. Ans: B 65. In which form of learning is behavior influenced by its consequences? A) primary conditioning B) classical conditioning C) operant conditioning D) delayed conditioning Ans: C 66. Laurie's thumbsucking has become habitual because she feels less anxious when she sucks her thumb. This best illustrates the process of A) generalization. B) classical conditioning. C) discrimination. D) operant conditioning. Ans: D 67. A type of learning in which behavior is diminished if followed by a punisher is called A) delayed conditioning. B) classical conditioning. C) secondary conditioning. D) operant conditioning. Ans: D 68. Behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely. This principle is called A) discrimination. B) intermittent reinforcement. C) spontaneous recovery. D) the law of effect. Ans: D 69. B. F. Skinner's work elaborated what E. L. Thorndike had called A) shaping. B) conditioned reinforcement. C) the law of effect. D) resistance to extinction. Ans: C 70. A Skinner box is a(n) A) aversive or punishing event that decreases the occurrence of certain undesirable behaviors. B) “slot machine” used to study the effects of partial reinforcement on human gambling practices. C) D) chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a reward. television projection device designed for use in laboratory studies of operant conditioning. Ans: C 71. An event that strengthens the behavior it follows is a(n) A) conditioned stimulus. B) unconditioned stimulus. C) reinforcement. D) operant behavior. Ans: C 72. If bears find insects after they move decaying logs, they more frequently move decaying logs. This most clearly indicates that finding insects is a A) reinforcement. B) respondent behavior. C) spontaneous recovery. D) classically conditioned habit. Ans: A 73. Shaping is a(n) ________ procedure. A) spontaneous recovery B) operant conditioning C) classical conditioning D) positive punishment Ans: B 74. Shaping is a procedure in which reinforcers are A) designed to evoke respondent behavior. B) interspersed with punishers to speed the process of learning. C) used to guide actions closer and closer to a desired behavior. D) given on a variable-ratio schedule. Ans: C 75. You would be most likely to use operant conditioning to teach a dog to A) fear cars in the street. B) dislike the taste of dead birds. C) wag its tail whenever it is emotionally excited. D) retrieve sticks and balls. Ans: D 76. An animal trainer is teaching a miniature poodle to balance on a ball. Initially, he gives the poodle a treat for approaching the ball, then only for placing its front paws on the ball, and finally only for climbing on the ball. The trainer is using the method of A) successive approximations. B) delayed reinforcement. C) classical conditioning. D) secondary reinforcement. Ans: A 77. Five-year-old Trevor is emotionally disturbed and refuses to communicate with anyone. To get him to speak, his teacher initially gives him candy for any utterance, then only for a clearly spoken word, and finally only for a complete sentence. The teacher is using the method of A) secondary reinforcement. B) delayed reinforcement. C) spontaneous recovery. D) shaping. Ans: D 78. An event or situation signaling that an operant response will be reinforced is called a(n) A) shaping stimulus. B) unconditioned stimulus. C) primary reinforcer. D) discriminative stimulus. Ans: D 79. A pigeon is consistently reinforced with food for pecking a key after seeing an image of a human face, but not reinforced for pecking after seeing other images. By signaling that a pecking response will be reinforced, the image of a human face is a(n) A) unconditioned stimulus. B) partial reinforcement. C) discriminative stimulus. D) primary reinforcer. Ans: C 80. A hungry rat in an operant chamber is reinforced with food after pressing a bar only if a light on the chamber wall is on. If the rat learns to press the bar only when the light is on, this would indicate that the light is a(n) A) primary reinforcer. B) discriminative stimulus. C) negative reinforcer. D) unconditioned stimulus. Ans: B 81. Because Mr. Baron demonstrates appreciation only for very good classroom answers, his students have stopped participating in class. Mr. Baron most clearly needs to be informed of the value of A) generalization. B) spontaneous recovery. C) shaping. D) partial reinforcement. Ans: C 82. Any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response is called a(n) A) conditioned stimulus. B) unconditioned stimulus. C) positive reinforcer. D) negative reinforcer. Ans: C 83. Every Saturday morning, Arnold quickly washes the family's breakfast dishes so that his father will allow him to wash his car. In this instance, washing the car is a(n) A) positive reinforcer. B) unconditioned response. C) conditioned response. D) negative reinforcer. Ans: A 84. Receiving delicious food is to escaping electric shock as ________ is to ________. A) positive reinforcer; negative reinforcer B) primary reinforcer; secondary reinforcer C) immediate reinforcer; delayed reinforcer D) reinforcement; punishment Ans: A 85. Positive reinforcers ________ the rate of operant responding, and negative reinforcers ________ the rate of operant responding. A) decrease; increase B) increase; decrease C) increase; increase D) have no effect on; decrease Ans: C 86. Any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response is called a(n) A) conditioned stimulus. B) unconditioned stimulus. C) positive reinforcer. D) negative reinforcer. Ans: D 87. Mason, a stockbroker, runs two miles every day after work because it reduces his level of stress. Mason's running habit is maintained by a ________ reinforcer. A) positive B) negative C) conditioned D) partial Ans: B 88. Primary reinforcers could best be described as A) discriminative stimuli. B) conditioned stimuli. C) conditioned reinforcers. D) innately satisfying stimuli. Ans: D 89. The taste of food and relief from a headache are both ________ reinforcers. A) positive B) negative C) primary D) conditioned Ans: C 90. A stimulus that acquires reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer is called a ________ reinforcer. A) delayed B) negative C) partial D) conditioned Ans: D 91. Which of the following is the best example of a conditioned reinforcer? A) applause for an excellent piano recital B) a spanking for eating cookies before dinner C) a cold root beer for mowing the lawn on a hot day D) termination of shock after removing one's finger from a live electrical wire Ans: A 92. Alex was paid $100 for eight hours of work. The money was a(n) A) primary reinforcer. B) spontaneous recovery. C) conditioned reinforcer. D) operant behavior. Ans: C 93. The removal of electric shock is to the receipt of money as ________ is to ________. A) delayed reinforcer; immediate reinforcer B) primary reinforcer; conditioned reinforcer C) discrimination; generalization D) partial reinforcement; continuous reinforcement Ans: B 94. Giving a hungry rat food for pressing a bar before the rat has a chance to engage in other incidental behaviors like running or scratching best illustrates A) respondent behavior. B) secondary reinforcement. C) intermittent reinforcement. D) immediate reinforcement. Ans: D 95. To quickly teach a dog to roll over on command, you would be best advised to use A) classical conditioning rather than operant conditioning. B) partial reinforcement rather than continuous reinforcement. C) immediate reinforcers rather than delayed reinforcers. D) negative reinforcers rather than positive reinforcers. Ans: C 96. Some students study hard beginning with the first couple of weeks of a semester because they subsequently receive very good final course grades. This best illustrates that human behavior is influenced by A) B) C) D) Ans: classical conditioning. primary reinforcers. latent learning. delayed reinforcers. D 97. Janet has almost finished painting a neighbor's house, at which time she'll be paid $2000. The fact that she is increasingly unlikely to quit painting as she nears completion of the job best illustrates that operant behavior is strongly influenced by ________ reinforcers. A) primary B) negative C) immediate D) partial Ans: C 98. A response is learned most rapidly and is most resistant to extinction if it is acquired under conditions of A) continuous reinforcement followed by partial reinforcement. B) primary reinforcement followed by secondary reinforcement. C) partial reinforcement followed by continuous reinforcement. D) secondary reinforcement followed by primary reinforcement. Ans: A 99. Resistance to extinction is most strongly encouraged by ________ reinforcement. A) delayed B) intermittent C) conditioned D) negative Ans: B 100. The way slot machines reward gamblers with money best illustrates A) spontaneous recovery. B) partial reinforcement. C) generalization. D) shaping. Ans: B 101. Four-year-old Della asks her mother for a special treat every time they go to the grocery store. At first her mother granted every request, but now she does so less consistently. Research suggests that Della will A) soon give up asking for a treat entirely. B) come to ask for a treat only occasionally. C) continue to ask for a treat nearly every time she goes to the store. D) ask for a treat every time her mother takes her out, even if they don't go to the grocery store. Ans: C 102. A fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a(n) A) specified time period has elapsed. B) C) D) Ans: unpredictable time period has elapsed. specified number of responses have been made. unpredictable number of responses have been made. C 103. Blake is a carpet installer who wants to be paid for each square foot of carpet he lays rather than with an hourly wage. Blake prefers working on a ________ schedule of reinforcement. A) fixed-ratio B) fixed-interval C) variable-interval D) variable-ratio Ans: A 104. Paul and Michael sell magazine subscriptions by telephone. Paul is paid $1.00 for every five calls he makes, while Michael is paid $1.00 for every subscription he sells, regardless of the number of calls he makes. Paul's telephoning is reinforced on a ________ schedule, whereas Michael's is reinforced on a ________ schedule. A) variable-ratio; fixed-ratio B) fixed-ratio; variable-ratio C) fixed-ratio; variable-interval D) fixed-interval; variable-ratio Ans: B 105. A partial schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses is a ________ schedule. A) fixed-ratio B) variable-ratio C) fixed-interval D) variable-interval Ans: B 106. Purchasing state lottery tickets is reinforced with monetary winnings on a ________ schedule. A) fixed-interval B) variable-interval C) fixed-ratio D) variable-ratio Ans: D 107. Asking potential partners for a date is most likely to be reinforced on a ________ schedule. A) fixed-interval B) fixed-ratio C) variable-interval D) variable-ratio Ans: D 108. A fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a(n) A) unpredictable time period has elapsed. B) C) D) Ans: specified time period has elapsed. specified number of responses has been made. unpredictable number of responses has been made. B 109. An executive in a computer software firm works with his office door closed. At the same time every hour he opens the door to see what his employees are doing. The employees have learned to work especially hard during the five minutes before and while the door is open. Their work pattern is typical of responses that are reinforced on a ________ schedule. A) fixed-interval B) fixed-ratio C) variable-ratio D) variable-interval Ans: A 110. A partial reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response that occurs after an unpredictable period of time is a ________ schedule. A) fixed-ratio B) variable-ratio C) fixed-interval D) variable-interval Ans: D 111. On the first day of class, Professor Wallace tells her geography students that pop quizzes will be given at unpredictable times throughout the semester. Clearly, studying for Professor Wallace's surprise quizzes will be reinforced on a ________ schedule. A) fixed-interval B) fixed-ratio C) variable-interval D) variable-ratio Ans: C 112. Watching the night sky for shooting stars is likely to be reinforced on a ________ schedule. A) fixed-interval B) fixed-ratio C) variable-interval D) variable-ratio Ans: C 113. Operant response rates tend to be ________ when linked to a ratio schedule rather than an interval schedule. Operant response rates tend to be ________ consistent when linked to a variable schedule rather than a fixed schedule. A) higher; less B) lower; more C) higher; more D) lower; less Ans: C