Module 8 Answers Part 1

1. The persistence of learning over time most clearly depends on A) chunking. B) shallow processing. C) visual encoding. D) memory. Ans: D 2. Which measure of memory retention assesses the ability to draw information out of storage and into conscious awareness? A) rehearsal B) relearning C) recognition D) recall Ans: D 3. When an eyewitness to an auto accident is asked to describe what happened, which measure of memory is being used? A) recognition B) rehearsal C) recall D) relearning Ans: C 4. Which test of memory typically provides the fewest retrieval cues? A) recognition B) recall C) relearning D) rehearsal Ans: B 5. Which measure of memory is used on a test that requires matching glossary terms with their correct definitions? A) recognition B) relearning C) rehearsal D) recall Ans: A 6. Which memory test would most effectively reveal that Mr. Quintano, at age 55, still remembers many of his high school classmates? A) recall B) recognition C) rehearsal D) retrieval Ans: B 7. Which measure of memory retention assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again? A) recognition B) C) D) Ans: retrieval relearning recall C 8. Ebbinghaus' use of nonsense syllables to study memory led to the discovery that A) the amount remembered depends on the time spent learning. B) working memory's central executive focuses attention. C) information that is automatically processed is rarely forgotten. D) our sensory memory capacity is essentially unlimited. Ans: A 9. To help think about the processes involved in memory, some memory researchers have developed A) acronyms. B) information-processing models. C) the peg-word system. D) massed practice. Ans: B 10. The process of encoding refers to A) the persistence of learning over time. B) the recall of information previously learned. C) getting information into memory. D) a momentary sensory memory lasting less than a second. Ans: C 11. The retention of encoded information over time refers to A) effortful processing. B) implicit memory. C) the spacing effect. D) storage. Ans: D 12. Storage is to encoding as ________ is to ________. A) recognition; recall B) rehearsal; retrieval C) retention; acquisition D) explicit memory; implicit memory Ans: C 13. The process of getting information out of memory is called A) encoding. B) relearning. C) retrieval. D) rehearsal. Ans: C 14. Jeremy can accurately process and store new information, but when he is tested on what he has learned he becomes so anxious that he can't easily recall the new information. Jeremy most clearly demonstrates difficulty with A) iconic memory. B) encoding. C) echoic memory. D) retrieval. Ans: D 15. The encoding of many aspects of a remembered event simultaneously best illustrates our brain's capacity for A) massed practice. B) automatic processing. C) distributed practice. D) parallel processing. Ans: D 16. Using different neural networks to simultaneously encode the sights, sounds, and smells of a remembered baseball game best illustrates A) distributed practice. B) implicit memory. C) parallel processing. D) chunking. Ans: C 17. An information-processing model that views memories as emerging from the simultaneous activation of interconnected neural networks is known as A) the distribution system. B) mnemonics. C) connectionism. D) the peg-word system. Ans: C 18. The original Atkinson-Schiffrin three-stage information-processing model introduced distinctions among A) recall, recognition, and relearning. B) shallow processing, semantic processing, and deep processing. C) sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. D) the self-reference effect, the spacing effect, and the testing effect. Ans: C 19. Some information in our fleeting ________ is encoded into short-term memory. A) shallow memory B) sensory memory C) automatic memory D) long-term memory Ans: B 20. Your activated but limited-capacity memory is called ________ memory. A) short-term B) implicit C) shallow D) explicit Ans: A 21. Shelly was able to remember the names of three new class members for only a minute or two after they had been introduced to her. During this entire minute or two their names were stored in her ________ memory. A) echoic B) implicit C) short-term D) iconic Ans: C 22. According to Allen Baddeley, we consciously process incoming auditory and visualspatial information in our ________ memory. A) implicit B) working C) procedural D) echoic Ans: B 23. The term working memory represents psychologists' newer understanding of A) long-term memory. B) implicit memory. C) short-term memory. D) sensory memory. Ans: C 24. Highly durable memories can often be retrieved from ________ memory into ________ memory. A) sensory; working B) working; sensory C) working; long-term D) long-term; working Ans: D 25. The integration of new incoming information with knowledge retrieved from long-term memory involves the activity of A) implicit memory. B) iconic memory. C) echoic memory. D) working memory. Ans: D 26. Conscious rehearsal of what you just heard a friend tell you requires A) implicit memory. B) automatic processing. C) working memory. D) deep processing. Ans: C 27. In Alan Baddeley's model of working memory, the hypothetical central executive engages in A) chunking. B) focusing attention. C) automatic processing. D) mnemonics. Ans: B 28. Encoding that requires attention and conscious awareness is called A) massed practice. B) effortful processing. C) distributed practice. D) procedural memory. Ans: B 29. Consciously repeating the name of a new classmate you want to remember illustrates A) implicit memory. B) the peg-word system. C) effortful processing. D) the self-reference effect. Ans: C 30. Explicit memories are A) classically conditioned associations that are automatically processed. B) memories of physical skills such as how to ride a bike. C) memories of facts and personal events that can be consciously retrieved. D) memories that are formed by massed practice rather than by distributed practice. Ans: C 31. Automatic processing most clearly occurs without A) encoding. B) conscious rehearsal. C) implicit memory. D) chunking. Ans: B 32. The distinction between automatic and effortful processing most clearly highlights the nature of A) the two-track mind. B) self-reference effect. C) sensory memory. D) semantic processing. Ans: A 33. We encode implicit memories by means of A) recall. B) working memory. C) automatic processing. D) the peg-word system. Ans: C 34. Remembering how to solve a puzzle without any conscious recollection that you can do so best illustrates ________ memory. A) working B) short-term C) implicit D) sensory Ans: C 35. Explicit memory is also known as A) procedural memory. B) working memory. C) declarative memory. D) iconic memory. Ans: C 36. A conscious memory of the name of the first president of the United States is a(n) ________ memory. A) iconic B) explicit C) procedural D) nondeclarative Ans: B 37. Effortful processing most clearly requires A) iconic memory. B) implicit memory. C) echoic memory. D) working memory. Ans: D 38. Implicit memory is to explicit memory as ________ is to ________. A) iconic memory; echoic memory B) automatic processing; effortful processing C) short-term memory; long-term memory D) the spacing effect; the self-reference effect Ans: B 39. Retention of skills and classically conditioned associations without conscious recollection is known as ________ memory. A) iconic B) working C) short-term D) implicit Ans: D 40. Procedural memories for well-learned skills such as how to ride a bicycle are typically ________ memories. A) working B) implicit C) sensory D) explicit Ans: B 41. Cheri doesn't remember that she got sick after eating oatmeal on several occasions in early childhood. However, whenever she smells oatmeal now she experiences a classically conditioned feeling of nausea. Cheri's conditioned reaction indicates that she retains a(n) ________ memory. A) working B) echoic C) iconic D) implicit Ans: D 42. During her psychology test, Kelsey could not remember the meaning of the term mnemonics. Surprisingly, however, she accurately remembered that the term appeared on the first line of a right-hand page in her textbook. Her memory of this incidental information is best explained in terms of A) automatic processing. B) the self-reference effect. C) echoic memory. D) effortful processing. Ans: A 43. Information about where, when, and how often you ate a meal in the last couple of days is likely to be A) a working memory. B) an iconic memory. C) automatically processed. D) procedural memory. Ans: C 44. You are most likely to automatically encode information about A) politicians' names. B) friends' birthdays. C) new web addresses. D) the sequence of your day's events. Ans: D 45. The ability to unconsciously process how many times you checked your e-mail during the past 24 hours best illustrates A) working memory. B) automatic processing. C) iconic memory. D) distributed practice. Ans: B 46. The effortful processing of information A) cannot occur simultaneously with automatic processing. B) refers to the process of getting information out of memory storage. C) can become automatic through practice. D) occurs less frequently among adults than children. Ans: C 47. When Sperling visually displayed three rows of three letters each for only one-twentieth of a second, research participants A) recalled only half the letters because they did not have enough time to see all of them. B) recalled only about seven of the letters due to storage limitations. C) had a momentary photographic memory of all nine letters. D) formed a sensory memory of no more than a single letter. Ans: C 48. A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli is called ________ memory. A) echoic B) short-term C) iconic D) implicit Ans: C 49. The address for obtaining tickets to a popular quiz show flashes on the TV screen, but the image disappears before Sergei has had a chance to write down the complete address. To his surprise, however, he has retained a momentary mental image of the five-digit zip code. His experience best illustrates ________ memory. A) iconic B) implicit C) echoic D) procedural Ans: A 50. An iconic memory is a ________ memory. A) sensory B) short-term C) working D) procedural Ans: A 51. Echoic memory refers to A) the encoded meanings of words and events in long-term memory. B) a vivid memory of an emotionally significant event. C) the automatic retention of incidental information about the timing and frequency of events. D) a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli. Ans: D 52. For a moment after hearing his dog's high-pitched bark, Mr. Silvers has a vivid auditory impression of the dog's yelp. His experience most clearly illustrates ________ memory. A) short-term B) iconic C) procedural D) echoic Ans: D