Chapter 4 Society

Chapter 4: Society Multiple Choice Questions 1) Who, of the following, would be most likely to argue that the power of ideas shapes society? a. the Lenskis b. Marx c. Weber d. Durkheim Answer: c Page Reference: 92 Skill: Conceptual 2) Which of the following concepts refers to people who interact in a defined territory and share culture? a. culture b. society c. nation d. state Answer: b Page Reference: 92 Skill: Conceptual 3) Gerhard Lenski claimed that which of the following has the greatest power to shape a society? a. technology b. social conflict c. human ideas d. human desire for change Answer: a Page Reference: 93 Skill: Conceptual 4) According to Lenski, the term socio-cultural evolution refers to a. changes brought about by new ways of thinking. b. changes created by ideas coming from other societies. c. change that results from social conflict. d. changes that occur as a society acquires new technology. Answer: d Page Reference: 93 Skill: Conceptual 5) Which of the following factors would the Lenskis’ approach highlight as bringing about change in society? a. the telephone b. conflict between workers and factory owners c. new religious movements d. the extent to which people share moral values Answer: a Page Reference: 93 Skill: Applied 6) Hunting and gathering societies were the only kind on the Earth from the origins of the human species some 3 million years ago until about a. 250 000 years ago. b. 100 000 years ago. c. 12 000 years ago. d. 2 500 years ago. Answer: c 1 Page Reference: 93 Skill: Factual 7) Today, hunting and gathering societies a. are quickly spreading around the world. b. represent about half the world’s population. c. are few in number but are found on every continent. d. are close to disappearing from the world. Answer: d Page Reference: 94 Skill: Factual 8) Which of the following is true of hunting and gathering societies? a. Population is small; they are nomadic. b. Population is large; they live in villages. c. Population is small; they raise crops and animals. d. Population is large; most people are farmers. Answer: a Page Reference: 93–94 Skill: Factual 9) In hunting and gathering societies, a. men and women do almost entirely the same tasks. b. men hunt animals while women gather vegetation. c. women hunt animals while men gather vegetation. d. men and women work together as hunters. Answer: b Page Reference: 93 Skill: Factual 10) The social standing of women and men in hunting and gathering societies is a. unequal, with men controlling farming. b. fairly equal, with men and women making a vital contribution to survival. c. unequal, with women raising the young while men secure food. d. equal, because both men and women perform the same tasks. Answer: b Page Reference: 93 Skill: Factual 11) A great danger to hunting and gathering societies is a. warfare. b. growing more food than they can carry. c. the forces of nature, including storms and droughts. d. dangerous animals. Answer: c Page Reference: 94 Skill: Factual 12) Horticultural societies are those in which a. people are nomadic. b. people hunt animals and gather vegetation. c. people have learned to raise animals. d. people use simple hand tools to raise crops. Answer: d Page Reference: 94 Skill: Factual 2 13) Humans first planted gardens in which region of the world? a. Africa b. Asia c. Latin America d. the Middle East Answer: d Page Reference: 94 Skill: Factual 14) The first type of society to generate a material surplus was a. hunting and gathering. b. horticultural and pastoral. c. agrarian. d. industrial. Answer: b Page Reference: 94 Skill: Factual 15) Christianity, Islam, and Judaism all began in _____________ societies. a. hunting and gathering b. pastoral c. agrarian d. industrial Answer: b Page Reference: 94 Skill: Factual 16) As societies generate a greater productive surplus, their people generally a. become more socially equal. b. gain more productive specialization. c. become less warlike. d. develop feelings of anomie. Answer: b Page Reference: 94 Skill: Factual 17) What type of society engages in large-scale farming based on the use of plows drawn by animals or more powerful energy sources? a. hunting and gathering b. horticultural c. pastoral d. agrarian Answer: d Page Reference: 94–95 Skill: Factual 18) Where in the world did large-scale cultivation or farming first develop? a. Southeast Asia b. the Middle East c. North America d. Africa Answer: b Page Reference: 94 Skill: Factual 19) Agrarian technology developed based on the use of a. the plow. 3 b. the internal-combustion engine. c. slave labour. d. irrigation. Answer: a Page Reference: 94 Skill: Factual 20) The Roman Empire at its peak power was what type of society? a. hunting and gathering b. horticultural and pastoral c. agrarian d. industrial Answer: c Page Reference: 95 Skill: Factual 21) Gerhard Lenski claims that the development of more complex technology a. is entirely positive. b. has both positive and negative effects. c. is entirely negative in its effect. d. has no effect on the quality of human life. Answer: b Page Reference: 93 Skill: Conceptual 22) Assume you are studying a society that has just invented cities, has increasing specialization, and has just started using money to buy and sell goods and services. It is likely that the society is at which stage of socio-cultural evolution? a. hunting and gathering b. horticultural and pastoral c. agrarian d. industrial Answer: c Page Reference: 94–95 Skill: Applied 23) Many people have marvelled at the Great Wall in China and the Great Pyramids in Egypt. These monuments stand as evidence of the productive power of which type of society? a. hunting and gathering b. horticultural and pastoral c. agrarian d. industrial Answer: c Page Reference: 94–95 Skill: Applied 24) In terms of social inequality, agrarian societies generally a. have much more inequality than less productive societal types. b. have about the same amount of social inequality as less productive societal types. c. have less social inequality than less productive societal types. d. come very close to being egalitarian societies. Answer: a Page Reference: 94–95 Skill: Factual 25) Which of the following types of society has the most productive specialization? a. hunting and gathering 4 b. horticultural and pastoral c. agrarian d. industrial Answer: c Page Reference: 94–95 Skill: Factual 26) The birth of the discipline of sociology took place during the development of which type of society? a. pastoral b. horticultural c. industrial d. agrarian Answer: c Page Reference: 96 Skill: Factual 27) Films about advancing technology, including Frankenstein, make the point that advancing technology a. not only solves some problems but creates new ones. b. is the solution to all human problems. c. will never do anything good for humanity. d. reveals problems we didn’t know we already had. Answer: a Page Reference: 98 Skill: Applied 28) Industrialization changes societies in many ways. Which of the following is NOT a change brought on by industrialization? a. A larger share of a society’s people lives in cities. b. There are fewer types of jobs and fewer people now work for income. c. The rate of social change increases. d. Advances in communication and transportation make society seem smaller. Answer: b Page Reference: 96 Skill: Factual 29) Compared to an industrial society, a post-industrial society is based on a. an information-based economy. b. a factory-based economy. c. an immigrant labour force. d. a less productive economy. Answer: a Page Reference: 96–97 Skill: Factual 30) Karl Marx believed that the industrial-capitalist system was a. going to last forever. b. the best economic system possible. c. giving rise to two great classes: capitalists and proletarians. d. not important to understanding society and conflict. Answer: c Page Reference: 98–99 Skill: Factual 31) The driving force of social change, according to Marx, is a. advancing technology. b. social conflict between classes. c. dominant ideas. 5 d. the way in which society is held together. Answer: b Page Reference: 98 Skill: Factual 32) Karl Marx argued that the dominant social institution is a. the family. b. religion. c. politics. d. the economy. Answer: d Page Reference: 99 Skill: Factual 33) Marx described the widespread beliefs that supported the capitalist economic system as a. false consciousness. b. class consciousness. c. cultural awareness. d. revolutionary politics Answer: a Page Reference: 99 Skill: Conceptual 34) Marx called those who own and operate factories and other businesses in pursuit of profits a. proletarians. b. peasants. c. capitalists. d. burghers. Answer: c Page Reference: 98 Skill: Conceptual 35) As the suffering of workers became worse, Marx predicted that they would a. eventually starve to death. b. rise up against the capitalist system. c. go into business for themselves. d. demand that women as well as men join the labour force. Answer: b Page Reference: 100 Skill: Factual 36) As Marx used the concept, alienation means a. the sense of not knowing right from wrong. b. that most people do not want to work at all. c. that people object to highly specialized work. d. the experience of isolation and misery resulting from powerlessness. Answer: d Page Reference: 102 Skill: Conceptual 37) Marx described alienation as involving which of the following? a. alienation from the government b. alienation from the products of work c. alienation from social clubs d. alienation from the upper classes Answer: b Page Reference: 103 6 Skill: Conceptual 38) Marx noted four ways in which capitalism alienates workers. Which of the following is NOT one of these four ways? a. alienation from the act of working b. alienation from human potential c. alienation from the family d. alienation from the product of work Answer: c Page Reference: 103 Skill: Conceptual 39) In the socialist society Marx hoped to see, which of the following would be true? a. Capitalists would pay fair wages to workers. b. Class conflict would no longer exist. c. All people would do the same work. d. Factory technology would be abolished. Answer: b Page Reference: 103 Skill: Conceptual 40) Which of the following is TRUE? a. “Canadian society” is problematic. b. Quebec wants to be recognized as a “special society.” c. All ethnic groups have the characteristics of a “society.” d. A “society” need not be aware of itself to be an independent entity. Answer: a Page Reference: 101–102 Skill: Applied 41) Karl Marx used a philosophical approach called _____. Max Weber followed an approach called _____. a. tradition; rationality b. rationality; tradition c. materialism; idealism d. idealism; materialism Answer: c Page Reference: 99, 104 Skill: Conceptual 42) To compare societies at different times in history, Max Weber made use of a. ideal types. b. stereotypes. c. statistical rates. d. rationality tests. Answer: a Page Reference: 104 Skill: Conceptual 43) What Lenski called the industrial society and Marx called the capitalist society, Weber considered a. a technological society. b. an ideal society. c. a traditional society. d. a rational society. Answer: d Page Reference: 104 Skill: Conceptual 7 44) How did Weber describe traditional societies? a. People look open-mindedly to the future. b. People pass the same values and beliefs from generation to generation. c. People live in the present, paying little attention to the past or the future. d. People strive to be more and more productive. Answer: c Page Reference: 104 Skill: Conceptual 45) When Weber used the concept “rationality,” he had in mind a. a concern with what’s good for the entire community. b. a respect for tradition. c. deliberate, matter-of-fact calculation of the most efficient way to accomplish any task. d. limiting the extent of class conflict. Answer: c Page Reference: 104 Skill: Conceptual 46) Karl Marx considered capitalism to be _____, but Max Weber argued that capitalism was very _____. a. irrational; rational b. rational; irrational c. unproductive; productive d. productive; unproductive Answer: a Page Reference: 105 Skill: Conceptual 47) In describing the rationalization of society, Max Weber claimed that modern society had become a. more religious. b. disenchanted. c. full of anomie. d. less productive. Answer: b Page Reference: 104 Skill: Conceptual 48) __________ considered industrial capitalism to be highly rational. a. Marx b. Weber c. Durkheim d. The Lenskis Answer: b Page Reference: 104 Skill: Factual 49) Weber traced the origins of the capitalist economy in Europe to a. colonialism. b. feudal monarchy. c. the Protestant Reformation. d. technological innovation. Answer: c Page Reference: 105 Skill: Factual 50) According to Max Weber, early Calvinists were a. deeply religious and highly disciplined. 8 b. eager to enjoy what money could buy. c. people who respected the past. d. not interested in business. Answer: a Page Reference: 105 Skill: Factual 51) Max Weber’s analysis of the rise of capitalism provides strong evidence of a. the results of class conflict. b. the effects of increasing specialization. c. the importance of advancing technology. d. the power of ideas to change society. Answer: d Page Reference: 106 Skill: Factual 52) Which of the following is NOT one of the seven characteristics of a rational organization as identified by Weber? a. specialized tasks b. technical competence c. awareness of time d. personality Answer: d Page Reference: 106 Skill: Conceptual 53) Comparing and contrasting the ideas of Karl Marx and Max Weber, which of the following statements is TRUE? a. Marx thought modern society was alienating; Weber did not. b. Weber thought modern society was alienating; Marx did not. c. Both Marx and Weber thought modern society was alienating, although for different reasons. d. Neither Marx nor Weber thought modern society was alienating. Answer: c Page Reference: 107 Skill: Conceptual 54) Max Weber described the features of rational social organization, pointing to all but one of the following. Which one is NOT part of his analysis? a. Organizations become large-scale. b. Self-discipline is important. c. People in the workplace share highly personal relationships. d. Technical competence is the key to getting jobs. Answer: c Page Reference: 106 Skill: Conceptual 55) Weber could see the advantages of industrial capitalism, a. and he was optimistic about the future. b. but he thought it would never actually develop. c. but he thought workers would soon overthrow the system. d. but he was pessimistic about the future. Answer: d Page Reference: 107 Skill: Factual 56) Emile Durkheim saw society as a system “beyond us” with the power to guide our lives. Therefore, he described elements of society, including cultural norms, values, and beliefs as 9 a. social facts. b. ideal types. c. false consciousness. d. forms of rationality. Answer: a Page Reference: 107 Skill: Conceptual 57) It would be correct to say that Durkheim thought of society as a. existing only in the human mind. b. an objective reality. c. changing from moment to moment. d. having no clear existence at all. Answer: b Page Reference: 107 Skill: Conceptual 58) _____________ argued that society was here long before we were born. a. Marx b. Weber c. Durkheim d. The Lenskis Answer: c Page Reference: 107 Skill: Factual 59) How would Durkheim describe the importance of a social structure such as family? a. Family is one important source of inequality. b. Family exists only in the meaning it has for a particular person. c. Family plays a part in the operation of society. d. Family is the result of humanity’s biological evolution. Answer: c Page Reference: 107–108 Skill: Conceptual 60) Durkheim claimed that, for each of us as individuals, society a. maintains the highest level of personal privacy. b. helps free people from human culture. c. helps people “be all they can be.” d. regulates individuals, reining in their desires and passions. Answer: d Page Reference: 108 Skill: Conceptual 61) Which of the following would likely be a question Emile Durkheim would ask about the 2001 terrorist attacks? a. How did these attacks unite people across North America? b. Which class benefits most from the war on terror? c. What new kinds of technology will come out of this crisis? d. How might the attacks increase bureaucracy and the power of government? Answer: a Page Reference: 108 Skill: Applied 62) Which of the following would likely be a question Emile Durkheim would ask about computer technology and the Information Revolution? a. Does computer technology contribute or detract from inner-worldly asceticism? 10 b. Do computers provide an example of mechanical solidarity? c. Might access to unlimited information on the internet increase the danger of anomie? d. What role will computers play in the Proletariat Revolution? Answer: c Page Reference: 108 Skill: Applied 63) Which of the following concepts was used by Durkheim to name a condition in which society provides little moral guidance to individuals? a. division of labour b. false consciousness c. anomie d. alienation Answer: c Page Reference: 108 Skill: Conceptual 64) Looking over the long course of history, Durkheim claimed that societies change as _____ gives way to _____. a. Gesellschaft; Gemeinschaft b. individualism; collective conscience c. mechanical solidarity; organic solidarity d. organic solidarity; mechanical solidarity Answer: c Page Reference: 108 Skill: Conceptual 65) What concept did Durkheim use to refer to social bonds, which are strong among members of industrial society and are based on specialization and mutual interdependence? a. Gesellschaft b. mechanical solidarity c. collective conscience d. organic solidarity Answer: d Page Reference: 108 Skill: Conceptual 66) Durkheim explained that organic solidarity is based on a. specialization and interdependence. b. collective conscience. c. shared moral values. d. common cultural heritage. Answer: a Page Reference: 108 Skill: Conceptual 67) “Anomie” refers to a. alienation. b. distinctiveness. c. normlessness. d. self-destruction. Answer: c Page Reference: 108 Skill: Conceptual 68) Of the three founding sociologists considered in Chapter 4 of the text, who held the most optimistic view of modern society? 11 a. Karl Marx b. Max Weber c. Emile Durkheim d. Gerhard Lenski Answer: c Page Reference: 109 Skill: Factual 69) Of the following sociologists, which one might you most expect to be having a conversation about the question of what holds society together? a. Gerhard Lenski b. Karl Marx c. Max Weber d. Emile Durkheim Answer: d Page Reference: 110 Skill: Applied 70) Of the following sociologists, which one was most interested in how society is divided? a. Gerhard Lenski b. Karl Marx c. Max Weber d. Emile Durkheim Answer: b Page Reference: 98–99 Skill: Applied 71) If you were to hear a sociologist speaking of class conflict as the “engine of history,” which of the following would it most likely be? a. Gerhard Lenski b. Karl Marx c. Max Weber d. Emile Durkheim Answer: b Page Reference: 98 Skill: Applied 72) If you wanted to learn more about a society’s worldview to be a powerful force causing change, to which of the following sociologists would you turn? a. Gerhard Lenski b. Karl Marx c. Max Weber d. Emile Durkheim Answer: c Page Reference: 104 Skill: Applied 73) __________ might point out that the internet threatens to increase the problem of anomie. a. Marx b. Weber c. Durkheim d. Goffman Answer: c Page Reference: 110 Skill: Applied 74) Today, __________ would likely be concerned about the emergence of a new symbolic elite. 12 a. Marx b. Weber c. Durkheim d. the Lenskis Answer: a Page Reference: 110 Skill: Applied True/False Questions 75) Gerhard Lenski dismissed technology as of little importance in shaping cultural patterns. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 92–93 Skill: Factual 76) Gerhard Lenski used the concept “socio-cultural evolution” to refer to how technological innovation changes the shape of societies. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 93 Skill: Conceptual 77) Hunting and gathering societies generate a productive surplus. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 93 Skill: Factual 78) Hunting and gathering societies are nomadic. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 93 Skill: Factual 79) Hunting and gathering societies have elected leaders. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 93 Skill: Factual 80) Forces of nature have the greatest effect on societies with the simplest technology. 13 a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 93–94 Skill: Factual 81) Hunting and gathering societies around the world contain a large and increasing share of global population a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 94 Skill: Factual 82) Many pastoral societies are nomadic. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 94 Skill: Factual 83) Horticultural societies typically form permanent settlements. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 94 Skill: Factual 84) Pastoral and horticultural societies are not capable of a productive surplus. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 94 Skill: Factual 85) Compared to hunting and gathering societies, horticultural and pastoral societies have more productive specialization and greater social inequality. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 94 Skill: Factual 86) Gerhard Lenski claims that the invention of horticultural or pastoral technology is a clear case of societal progress toward a better way of life. 14 a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 94 Skill: Factual 87) Agrarian societies typically have dramatic social inequality. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 94–95 Skill: Factual 88) Agriculture differs from horticulture by making use of the animal-drawn plow that can cultivate much more land. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 94–95 Skill: Factual 89) The subordination of women by men is clearly evident in hunting and gathering societies. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 93 Skill: Factual 90) Huge empires—such as the Roman Empire that included tens of millions of people and several million square miles—were based on agrarian technology. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 95 Skill: Factual 91) Agrarian societies are more alike than hunting and gathering societies are. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 95 Skill: Fact 92) Industrial societies use powerful sources of energy to drive large machinery. a. True 15 Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 96 Skill: Factual 93) The Industrial Revolution was underway in parts of Europe by the time the explorer Christopher Columbus reached the Americas in 1492. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 96 Skill: Factual 94) Industrial technology tends to weaken the family, making it less the centre of people’s lives. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 96 Skill: Factual 95) Industrial technology has raised living standards in a number of societies. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 96 Skill: Factual 96) In general, industrialization results in less schooling and a sharp increase in the share of the population that is illiterate. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 96 Skill: Factual 97) A post-industrial society uses computers and other information technology to operate much of the economy. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 96 Skill: Factual 98) The Information Revolution has been most evident in the poor nations of the world. a. True 16 Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 97 Skill: Factual 99) Gerhard Lenski argues that, eventually, we can expect technological invention to solve problems of peace and justice around the world. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 98 Skill: Factual 100) Karl Marx claimed that societies were defined by patterns of social conflict. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 98 Skill: Factual 101) Marx argued that industrial-capitalist societies had two main social classes: capitalists and proletarians. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 98 Skill: Factual 102) According to Karl Marx, the foundation of society is the family. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 99 Skill: Factual 103) Karl Marx argued that society’s infrastructure and superstructure are always in conflict. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 99 Skill: Conceptual 104) Marx thought capitalism would bring class conflict more out in the open. a. True Correct 17 b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 100 Skill: Factual 105) Marx believed that proletarians could never overcome their false consciousness. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 100 Skill: Factual 106) Marx claimed that capitalism alienated workers from their work, and also from each other. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 102–103 Skill: Conceptual 107) Marx viewed alienation as an aid to social change. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 103 Skill: Conceptual 108) Marx looked forward to the transformation of capitalism into a more equal and humane society that he called socialism. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 103 Skill: Factual 109) For Max Weber, an “ideal type” meant something that is the very best of its kind. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 104 Skill: Conceptual 110) Weber believed that people living in pre-industrial societies hold strongly to rationality, while members of industrial societies celebrate tradition. a. True Incorrect b. False 18 Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 104 Skill: Factual 111) Max Weber used the concept “rationalization of society” to point to historical change from tradition to rationality as the dominant mode of human thought. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 103–104 Skill: Conceptual 112) Marx viewed industrial capitalism as highly rational and Weber did not. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 105 Skill: Conceptual 113) Weber argued that the development of industrial capitalism had its roots in a set of religious ideas linked to Calvinism. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 105–106 Skill: Conceptual 114) In hopes of salvation, Calvinists were quick to share their wealth with the poor. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 105–106 Skill: Factual 115) According to Weber, capitalism, bureaucracy, and science are all expressions of rationality. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 106–107 Skill: Conceptual 116) Rational, modern societies, according to Weber, were becoming more personal. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct 19 Answer: b Page Reference: 107 Skill: Factual 117) Karl Marx and Max Weber agreed that modern society generates alienation, although for different reasons. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 107 Skill: Applied 118) Weber viewed rationality as a liberating force that would free the human spirit. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 107 Skill: Factual 119) Emile Durkheim viewed society as an external, objective reality. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 107 Skill: Factual 120) Durkheim pointed to the functions of social patterns for the operation of society as a whole. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 108 Skill: Conceptual 121) Durkheim claimed that, in modern societies such as Canada, people with the strongest social bonds had the highest rates of suicide. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 108 Skill: Applied 122) Modern societies provide individuals with less moral regulation than traditional societies do. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a 20 Page Reference: 108 Skill: Conceptual 123) Durkheim used the concept “anomie” to mean the same thing as Marx’s concept of “alienation.” a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 108 Skill: Conceptual 124) Modern societies differ from traditional societies by having more productive specialization—that is, a more complex division of labour. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 108–109 Skill: Conceptual 125) Modern societies are held together mostly by shared moral sentiments. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 109 Skill: Factual 126) For Durkheim, the key to change in a society is an expanding division of labour. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 109 Skill: Conceptual 127) Both Marx and the Lenskis saw the struggle between classes as the engine for change. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 111 Skill: Conceptual Short Answer Questions 128) What does Gerhard Lenski mean by “socio-cultural evolution”? Why does he argue that technology shapes all of society? Page Reference: 93 Skill: Conceptual 21 129) Briefly describe societies based on hunting and gathering, pastoralism, horticulture, agriculture, and industry. Page Reference: 93–96 Skill: Factual 130) What importance did Karl Marx attach to social conflict between classes? Page Reference: 98–103 Skill: Conceptual 131) Explain why Karl Marx believed capitalist society was irrational, while Max Weber believed it was very rational. Page Reference: 103–105 Skill: Conceptual 132) With regard to Global Map 4-1, High Technology in Global Perspective, describe the relationship between technology and type of society. Page Reference: 105 Skill: Applied 133) Identify the seven traits that define rational social organization, according to Max Weber. Page Reference: 106 Skill: Conceptual 134) Explain how Marx and Weber held somewhat different ideas about the cause of alienation in modern society. Page Reference: 107 Skill: Conceptual 135) Briefly explain Durkheim’s belief that studying individuals alone can never capture the essence of society. Page Reference: 107–108 Skill: Conceptual 136) What did Durkheim mean by “anomie”? How does modern society cause anomie? Page Reference: 108 Skill: Conceptual 137) What is “mechanical solidarity”? How does it differ from “organic solidarity”? Page Reference: 108 Skill: Conceptual Essay Questions 138) Describe Gerhard Lenski’s model of sociocultural evolution, summarizing several key traits of each stage. What major technological revolutions have reshaped human societies in the past? Skill: Factual 139) According to Karl Marx, what is one good thing about capitalism? At the same time, in his view, why does capitalism fail as an economic system? Skill: Conceptual 140) Why do some analysts describe Max Weber’s approach to explaining the rise of modern society as a “debate with the ghost of Karl Marx”? Skill: Applied 141) How does Durkheim’s concept of anomie differ from (1) Marx’s concept of alienation and (2) Weber’s concept of alienation? 22 Skill: Conceptual 142) Drawing on the ideas of Lenski, Marx, Weber, and Durkheim, cite ways in which one might claim modern society is better than societies in the past. In what ways might any of these thinkers see modern society as getting worse? Skill: Applied 143) About one hundred years has passed since Marx, Weber, and Durkheim were writing about modern society. Point to at least one change in Canadian society over that period of time that appears to confirm the correctness of each theorist’s analysis. Can you point to a change that, in each case, seems at odds with his theory? Skill: Applied 144) What makes Quebec a “distinct society”? Skill: Applied Quick Quiz: Multiple Choice Questions 1) Gerhard Lenski claimed that which of the following has the greatest power to shape a society? a. technology b. human ideas c. social conflict d. human desire for change Answer: a 2) The first type of society to generate a material surplus was a. hunting and gathering. b. horticultural and pastoral. c. agrarian. d. industrial. Answer: b 3) Gerhard Lenski claims that the development of more complex technology a. is entirely positive. b. has both positive and negative effects. c. is entirely negative in its effect. d. has no effect on the quality of human life. Answer: b 4) The birth of the discipline of sociology took place during the development of which type of society? a. pastoral b. horticultural c. industrial d. agrarian Answer: c 5) The driving force of social change, according to Marx, is a. advancing technology. b. social conflict between classes. c. dominant ideas. d. the way in which society is held together. Answer: b 6) Karl Marx considered capitalism to be _____, but Max Weber argued that capitalism was very _____. a. irrational; rational b. rational; irrational c. unproductive; productive 23 d. productive; unproductive Answer: a 7) It would be correct to say that Durkheim thought of society as a. existing only in the human mind. b. an objective reality. c. changing from moment to moment. d. having no clear existence at all. Answer: b Quick Quiz: True/False Questions 8) Hunting and gathering societies generate a productive surplus. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b 9) Huge empires—such as the Roman Empire that included tens of millions of people and several million square miles—were based on agrarian technology. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Quick Quiz: Short Answer Question 10) Identify the seven traits that define rational social organization, according to Max Weber. 24