Unit 1 - Water

Unit 1 - Water Key Vocabulary: Kinetic particle theory Water vapor Proton Neutron Electron Nucleus Shells Bond Atomic number Emergent properties Ionic bond Covalent bond Hydrogen bond Ion Polar Solvent Specific heat capacity Solute Solution Solubility Dissolution Precipitation Run-off Evaporation Halocline Thermocline pH Acidic Alkaline Neutral pH scale Dissolved oxygen Turbulence Phytoplankton Oxygen minimum layer Water column Gradient Thermal insulator Pycnocline Pick 5 words you have trouble with or don't know - Write their definitions Hypersaline - Containing a lot of salt Phytoplankton - Microscopic plants that live in water and play a vital role in the aquatic ecosystem Halocline - A layer in the ocean where salinity changes rapidly with depth, separating layers of different salt concentrations Gradient - A slope or inclination Polar - Describes a molecule with an uneven charge distribution due to electronegativity differences 1. Explain the kinetic particle theory of WATER and the differences between solids, liquids, and gases. In solids, particles are closely packed and vibrate in fixed positions. In liquids, particles are less tightly packed and can move past each other. In gases, particles are far apart and move freely. 2. Identify the following items found in the Ocean a. Key elements Oxygen (O) Sodium (Na) Chlorine (Cl) Hydrogen (H) Carbon (C) Nitrogen (N) Phosphorus (P) Overall, the image provides a snapshot of a student's learning process in a science class, focusing on the properties of water. State the chemical name and formula for the common salts found in the ocean. Know the ionic charge of each. Potassium chloride - KCl Calcium Sulfate - CaSO4 Magnesium chloride - MgCl2 Sodium chloride - NaCl 9. Explain the formation of hydrogen bonds in water describing the partial charges. Hydrogen bonds in water are formed due to the attraction between the partial positive charge on the hydrogen atom & partial negative charge on the oxygen atom of different water molecules. 10. Explain the terms solute, solvent, solution and solubility Solute is a substance that is dissolved in a solution. Solvent is a substance that does the dissolving. Solution is a homogeneous mixture of solute and solvent. Solubility is the ability of a solute to dissolve in a solvent. 11. Describe how soluble salts such as sodium chloride dissolve in water. Sodium chloride dissolves in water because the positive part of water molecules (hydrogen) attracts the negatively charged chloride ions & the negative part of water molecules (oxygen) attracts the positively charged sodium ions. 12. Explain the effect of water temperature on the solubility of the following items a. Salt - Increases with increasing temperature b. Sugar - Generally increases with increasing temperature c. Carbon dioxide - Decreases with increasing temperature 13. Define what salinity is and the unit it is measured in. Salinity is the measure of the total amount of dissolved salts in seawater. Measured in parts per thousand, (ppt). 14. Describe how the salinity of water effects the freezing point The freezing point of water decreases. 15. Explain how surface run-off, precipitation and evaporation effect salinity. Compare different places, such as a. Near the coast vs away from the coast (coast) Salinity is generally lower due to freshwater input from rivers and streams. (away from coast) Salinity is generally higher due to the lack of freshwater input. b. Equator vs the poles (equator) - generally lower salinity due to higher temps, more precipitation (near poles) - salinity is generally higher due to lower temperatures & less precipitation.