University:
High School
Course:
High School Biochemistry
Academic year:

2019
Views:

75

Pages:

19
Author:

SpaceCadet101

Cell Parts Essential Questions 1. Identify the organelles involved in: a) making proteins. b) transporting macromolecules throughout the cell. c) producing & using carbohydrates for energy (metabolism). d) cell shape & movement. 2. Identify the differences between plant and animal cells. Parts of the Eukaryotic Cell • Review: – Cells – the basic unit of life – Organelles - small structures inside a cell with specific functions Analogy – City of Rocklin Cell Membrane/Plasma Membrane Cell membrane 1. Function: Regulates materials entering and exiting the cell. 2. Structure: Two layers of phospholipids, proteins Analogy – Rocklin city limits Cytoplasm Cytoplasm 1. Function: All cell contents that lie between the cell membrane and the nucleus. (organelles + cytosol) a. Cytosol = liquid portion/non-organelles. 2. Structure: made up of fluid and organelles except for nucleus Analogy – All air, water, life that are in Rocklin, except City Hall Genetic Control of the Cell: Making Proteins • The Function of the nucleus is to regulate DNA & RNA actions (the “control center”) • The nucleus is made up of: – Nuclear Envelope – a double membrane surrounding the nucleus – Chromatin – long DNA molecules and proteins – Chromosomes – a single strand of chromatin (visible only just before cell division) – Nucleolus – produces part of the ribosomes Analogy – City Hall Genetic Control of the Cell: Making Proteins • Ribosomes – site of protein production – RNA is translated into an amino acid sequence – Ribosomes are made up of rRNA & proteins Analogy – Restaurants, Factories, Builders. Transporting Macromolecules • Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) – a membrane based pathway that transports proteins and other macromolecules inside of the cell – Rough ER – Covered in ribosomes – Smooth ER – Lacking ribosomes Analogy – Roads & Sidewalks Transporting Macromolecules • Golgi Apparatus (aka Golgi bodies or Golgi Complex) – flattened membrane sacs that receive, store and distribute proteins & other macromolecules out of the cell Analogy – Post Office Transporting Macromolecules • Vesicles & Vacuoles – membrane enclosed sacs that store and transport macromolecules within the cell Analogy – Grocery stores, water tanks. Transporting Macromolecules • Lysosomes – membrane enclosed sacs (vesicles) of digestive enzymes that break down macromolecules – Found in animals only! Analogy – Recycling center Transporting Macromolecules Summary Making & Using Carbohydrates (Metabolism) • Chloroplasts (plants only) – perform photosynthesis by converting sunlight and CO2 into sugar (carbohydrates – Double membrane structure that contains chlorophyll – Found in plants only! Analogy – Solar Panels Making & Using Carbohydrates (Metabolism) • Mitochondria (singular mitochondrion) – performs cellular respiration by releasing energy stored in carbohydrates and converts it into useable energy for the cell – Double membrane structure – Found in plant & animal cells! Analogy – PG&E Cell Shape & Movement • Cytoskeleton – a network of protein fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm that supports and maintains a cell’s shape – Microtubules – straight, hollow fibers made of proteins – Microfilaments – thin, solid fibers made of proteins Analogy – Wood, cement, steel beams Centrioles (Animals Only) Centrioles 1. Function: microtubules that help divide the cell during cell division. 2. Structure: Tubules Analogy – The “other” High School vs. Whitney High School Cell Shape & Movement • External structures – Cilia (singular cilium) – short, numerous hairlike structures that propel the cell by moving back and forth – Flagella (singular flagellum) – long microtubules (proteins) that aid in locomotion Analogy – Cars or bicycles. Plant vs. Animal Cells • Plant cells contain: – Cell Wall – made of cellulose, provides structure and support for the plant & aid in cell division – Chloroplasts – site of photosynthesis – Large central vacuole – stores water • Animal cells contain: – Centrioles – bundles of microtubules that help the cell divide – Lysosomes – vesicles full of digestive enzymes that break down macromolecules Cell Parts Analogy • Create an analogy (besides the city analogy) for the cell and its parts • Possible ideas: – Stadium – School – Country – Restaurant – House – Mall – Waterpark Stadium Example: • • • • Cell membrane: wall of stadium, gates Cytoplasm: everything inside the stadium. Nucleus: the control room for the stadium. Etc…