University:
High School
Course:
High School Biochemistry
Academic year:

2023
Views:

252

Pages:

15
Author:

Clint W.

Energy Cycle Review– Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration diagram Adenosine Triphosphate or ATP = energy molecule that powers most cell activities. • Energy is stored in bonds between phosphates • When bonds break, energy is released • Forms ADP and free Phosphate (P) • To reform ATP cells must break apart glucose to get energy from its bonds Cellular Respiration: Conversion of „food‟ molecules into ATP. Reactants *Essential to know* Products Mitochondria – site of aerobic cellular respiration. * Draw and label the parts of the mitochondria. Two different types of “Respiration” make up all of Cellular Respiration • Aerobic = using oxygen. • Occurs in the Mitochondria • Produces 38 ATP molecules from 1 sugar. • Some single-celled and ALL multicelled organisms perform. • Anaerobic = NOT using oxygen. • Occurs in the Cytosol. • Produces 2 ATP molecules from 1 sugar. • Only some singlecelled organisms perform. For both of these, glucose must enter cell FIRST ****Both aerobic & anaerobic respiration ****** • Glucose enters cells from blood through Facilitated Diffusion • THEN, first step happens – Glycolysis = breaking sugar into 2 halves. • Called Pyruvic Acid or Pyruvate • occurs in cytosol of cell • anaerobic (will occur if 02 is present or not!) – Produces 2 ATP • All organisms do glycolysis If no O2 then - 2nd Step of Anaerobic Respiration • Fermentation occurs when there is NO oxygen!!! – Two types: – Lactic Acid Fermentation • 2 Pyruvic Acid molecules are changed into two Lactic Acid Molecules in human muscle cells and some bacteria. – Alcohol Fermentation = 2 Pyruvic Acid molecules are changed into 2 Ethyl Alcohol molecules and CO2 is released • Some bacteria and yeast perform. • Used in baking and brewing. “Feel the burn!!!??” It makes your bread light and fluffy and your root beer fizzy!!! For Aerobic, it starts the same --Step 1: Glycolysis • Breaking sugar into Pyruvic Acid. - produces 2 ATP If O2 is present then… Steps 2: Krebs Cycle (a.k.a. Citric Acid Cycle) • Breaks down pyruvic acid completely . - Occurs in matrix of mito. • Aerobic (only occurs if O2 is present) - Produce CO2 as waste. - Produces 2 ATP - H+ is left over Step 3 – Electron Transport • Uses electrons (H+) to power ATP production. – occurs in cristae • ATP Synthase = enzyme that makes (synthesizes) ATP. – Controls the chemical reaction that bonds ATP together * 34 ATP molecules can be made from 1 glucose in ET!!! Who does Cellular Respiration? • All organisms who need energy including: – Plants & Heterotrophs Photosynthesis: creation of „food‟ molecules (sugar) using energy from sun Reactants Products * How do the reactants and products of Photosynthesis relate to those of Cellular Respiration? - - - the reactants of one are the products of the other - Look at the cycle on slide ONE *Essential to know* Chloroplast – organelle that performs photosynthesis. *Draw and label the parts of a chloroplast. 2 Processes of Photosynthesis: Light Reaction & Calvin Cycle Please know the reactants (what is going in) and the Products (what is produced or coming out) for each process and the overall Photosynthesis process. Uses sunlight to “recharge” ATP & NADPH. (using water and releasing O2 as waste) H+ are carried by NADPH into stroma Uses energy from ATP & NADPH to build sugar molecules. (out of CO2 and H+) Produces ADP, P and NADP which move into the thylakoind Who does Photosynthesis? • Autotrophs (producers) – organisms that make their own “food”. Plants!!! • • Perform Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration! Have Chloroplasts & Mitochondria!!