Consider the Nuclear Equation

1. Given the equation representing a nuclear reaction in which X represents a nuclide: [{}{90}^{234}Th \rightarrow {}{2}^{4}He + {}_{X}^{230}] Which nuclide is represented by X? A) Ra B) Pa C) U D) Rn 2. Which nuclear emission has the greatest mass and the least penetrating power? A) an alpha particle B) a beta particle C) a neutron D) a positron   3. Which nuclear emission is negatively charged? A) an alpha particle B) a beta particle C) a neutron D) a positron 4. Which balanced equation represents a spontaneous radioactive decay? A) 14C + Ca3(PO4)2 → 3CaC2 + 2P + 8CO B) 14N + 1n → 14C + 1H C) H2CO3 → H2O + CO2 D) 14C → 14N + 0e 5. Which nuclear emission has no charge and no mass? A) alpha particle B) beta particle C) gamma ray D) positron 6. What is the mass of an original 5.60-gram sample of iron-53 that remains unchanged after 25.53 minutes? A) 0.35 g B) 1.40 g C) 2.80 g D) 5.60 g 7. Which phrase describes the decay modes and the half-lives of K-37 and Rb-84? A) the same decay mode and the same half-life B) the same decay mode and different half-lives C) different decay modes and different half-lives D) different decay modes but the same half-life 8. What is the total number of years that must pass before only 25.00 grams of an original 100.0-gram sample of C-14 remains unchanged?   A) 2865 y B) 5730 y C) 11,460 y D) 17,190 y 9. What fraction of a Sr-90 sample remains unchanged after 87.3 years? A) 1/2 B) 1/3 C) 1/4 D) 1/8 10. In which type of reaction can an atom of one element be converted to an atom of another element? A) addition B) reduction C) substitution D) transmutation   11. In which list can all particles be accelerated by an electric field? A) alpha particles, beta particles, and neutrons B) alpha particles, beta particles, and protons C) alpha particles, protons, and neutrons D) beta particles, protons, and neutrons   12. Which equation represents alpha decay? A) 1n → 1H + 0e B) 234Th → 234Pa + 0e C) 234Th → 230Ra + 4He D) 19K → 40Ca + 0e 13. In the reaction 239Pu → 239Np + X, what does X represent? A) a neutron B) a proton C) an alpha particle D) a beta particle 14. What occurs in both fusion and fission reactions? A) Small amounts of energy are converted into large amounts of matter. B) Small amounts of matter are converted into large amounts of energy. C) Heavy nuclei are split into lighter nuclei. D) Light nuclei are combined into heavier nuclei.   15. Which radioisotope is used to determine the age of once-living organisms? A) carbon-14 B) cobalt-60 C) iodine-131 D) uranium-238   16. Which statement best describes what happens in a fission reaction? * (A) Heavy nuclei split into lighter nuclei. * (B) Light nuclei form into heavier nuclei. * (C) Energy is released and less stable elements are formed. * (D) Energy is absorbed and more stable elements are formed. 17. In which reaction is mass converted to energy by the process of fission? * (A) ¹⁴N + ¹n → ¹⁴C + ¹H * (B) 23592U + ¹0n → 14156Ba + 9236Kr + 3¹0n * (C) 22688Ra → 22286Rn + ⁴₂He * (D) ²¹H + ²¹H → ⁴₂He + ¹0n 18. Which balanced equation represents nuclear fusion? * (A) ³¹H → ³₂He + ⁰₋₁e * (B) 23592U → 23190Th + ⁴₂He * (C) ¹²H + ²¹H → ⁴₂He + ¹0n * (D) 23994Pu + ¹0n → 23995Am + ⁰₋₁e 19. Given the balanced equation representing a nuclear reaction: ¹²H + ²¹H → ⁴₂He + ¹0n Which phrase identifies and describes this reaction? * (A) fission, mass converted to energy * (B) fission, energy converted to mass * (C) fusion, mass converted to energy * (D) fusion, energy converted to mass 20. A radioactive-dating procedure to determine the age of a mineral compares the mineral's remaining amounts of isotope 238U and isotope * (A) 206Pb * (B) 206Bi * (C) 214Pb * (D) 214Bi 21. Which radioisotope is used for diagnosing thyroid disorders? * (A) U-238 * (B) Pb-206 * (C) I-131 * (D) Co-60 22. The course of a chemical reaction can be traced by using a * (A) polar molecule * (B) diatomic molecule * (C) stable isotope * (D) radioisotope 23. The chart below shows the spontaneous nuclear decay of U-238 to Th-234 to Pa-234 to U-234. What is the correct order of nuclear decay modes for the change from U-238 to U-234? * (A) β decay, γ decay, α decay * (B) β decay, β decay, α decay * (C) α decay, α decay, β decay * (D) α decay, β decay, β decay 24. A serious risk factor associated with the operation of a nuclear power plant is the production of * (A) acid rain * (B) helium gas * (C) greenhouse gases, such as CO₂ * (D) radioisotopes with long half-lives 25. Which statement explains why nuclear waste materials may pose a problem? * (A) They frequently have short half-lives and remain radioactive for brief periods of time. * (B) They frequently have short half-lives and remain radioactive for extended periods of time. * (C) They frequently have long half-lives and remain radioactive for brief periods of time. * (D) They frequently have long half-lives and remain radioactive for extended periods of time. 26. Which is a gaseous radioactive waste produced during some fission reactions? * (A) nitrogen-16 * (B) thorium-232 * (C) uranium-235 * (D) plutonium-239