Physics Notes Chapter 1. Heat Capacity Heat

FBISE Class 10 Physics Notes Chapter 1. Heat Capacity Heat Heat is a form of energy that flows from a body at higher temperature to a body at lower temperature. Temperature Temperature is the measure of the degree of hotness or coldness of a body. Onit: Kelvin () Heat Capacity ) Heat capacity is the amount of heat reguired to raise the temperature of a body by 1 k (ом Got Formula C= T Δ Where: C = Heat Capacity Heat slipplied AT= Change in temperaтиме Onit JK Specitic Heat Capacity () Specitic heat capacity is the amount of heat reqlired to raise the teтремаture of 1 kg of a substance by 1 K (o C01 Formula c= m Q AT Where c = Specitic heat capacity Q = Heat supplied m Mass AT= Change in temperaturе Jkg K -1 Thermal Capacity and Water Water has a high specific heat capacity. ses Used in car radiators as a coolant. Sea breeze and land breeze occuм due to high heat capacity of water. Helps maintain body temремаtиме. Change of State Melting Conversion of solid into liglid at a fixed temperature. Freezing Conversion of liquid into solid, Boiling Conversion of liguid into vapомн throughout the liquid. Condensation Conversion of vapour into liquid. Latent Heat Heat absorbed or released during change of state without change in temperature. Specitic Latent Heat Heat required to change the state of 1 kg of a substance without changing its temperaturе. Frmula =1 m Q Where: =1 = Specitic latent heat 2 = Heat energy m Mass Unit J/kg Chapter 2: modes of Heat Transter Heat can be transterred by three methods: Conduction Convection Radiation 1. Conduction Transter of heat through a substance without movement of its particles. Occurs Mainly In: Solid s Examples Metal spoon becomes hot in tea. Iron rod heated at One end becomes hot throughout. Conductors Materials that allow heat to pass through easily. Examples: Coppes Aliuminillm IMon Insulators Materials that do not allow heat to pass thrоиgh easily. Examples: Wood Plastic Glass 2. Convection Transter of heat by actual movement of moleciles in liquids and gases. Convection Currents Сіrсмlам movement of fluid caused by temperature differences. Examples: Boiling water Sea Dreeze Land breeze Room ventilation Sea Breeze During daytime, cool air moves from sea towards land. Land Breeze During nighttime, cool air moves from land towards sea. 3. Radiation Transter of heat through electromagnetic waves without any medilum. Characteristics; Does not require a medilum. Can travel through vacuum. Heat from the sun reaches Earth by radiation. Good Absоrbеrs and Emitters Black dull surfaces are good аbsоrbеrs and emitters. White shiny surfaces аме роом аввомвеrs and emitters. Applications Thermos flask Solar cookем Solar water heater Important Detinitions for FBISE Heat Capacity Amount of heat reguired to raise the temperature of a body by 1 к Specitic Heat Capacity Amount of heat reqlired to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1 k. Latent Heat Heat absorbed оr released during change of state without temperatuме change. Conduction Transter of heat without movement of particles. Convection Transter of heat by movement of molecules. Radiation Transter of heat through electromagnetic waves without a medilum Important FOrmuelas Heat Capacity C Δ T