States of Matter Answer Key

First and Last Name:______________________________________ Date: ___________________________ Science 8 Block _____ CHEMISTRY UNIT – Reviewing important terms The Kinetic Molecular Theory explains the movement of particles in solids, liquids and gases. Matter is anything that has a mass and volume. All solids liquids and gases are types of matter. Mass is the amount of matter in an object. Mass is the quantity of matter that a substance or object contains. Usually measured in: g, kg Volume is the amount of space taken up by a substance or object. Usually measured in: mL, L, or cm3. (1 cm3 = 1 mL) Shape is the form in which a solid, liquid, or gas can be found Flow is the movement of a solid, liquid, or gas STATE EXAMPLE PROPERTIES SOLID Pen Book Table Ice cube Volume – has a fixed volume (volume does not change) Shape– has a fixed shape (holds its shape) Flow– can NOT flow Discuss sugar and marble LIQUID Milk Water Coke Volume– has a fixed volume Eg. 250 mL of milk Shape– takes the shape of the container Eg. water in test tube vs. water in flask and beaker Flow – CAN GAS Oxygen Helium Nitrogen flow Volume– takes the volume of the container Eg. BBQ tank, compressed gas cylinder Shape– takes the shape of the container Eg. gas in syringe, gas in room, gas in diver’s tank Flow– CAN flow PLASMA is the fourth state of matter. It is similar to a gas (does NOT have a defined shape or fixed volume), but plasma have different electrical properties than gases. Examples are the Sun, a fork of lightning, the glowing gas of a neon sign. THE PARTICLE MODEL OF MATTER A model is used in Science to explain things that can not be seen. 1. All matter is made up of very small microscopic particles. That is, Solids, Liquids, and Gases all consist of very tiny particles that you can not see with the naked eye. 2. In solids, the gaps between particles are small, and the particles remained tightly clumped together. 3. In liquids, the gaps between particles are large, and the liquid particles can slide past each other. 4. In gases, the gaps between particles are much larger, there is more empty space between gas particles. Gas particles have much more room to move around. SOLID LIQUID GAS THE KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY KINETIC means moving. MOLECULES are particles of matter. A THEORY is used to explain observations. The Kinetic Molecular Theory explains our observations of moving particles of matter. • • • THE KMT IS A REVISED VERSION OF THE PARTICLE MODEL OF MATTER. IT EXPLAINS THE MOVEMENT (AND NOT JUST THE ARRANGEMENT) OF THE PARTICLES IN A SOLID, LIQUID, OR GAS. IT EXPLAINS WHAT HAPPENS WHEN HEAT IS ADDED TO MATTER. There are eight statements in the Kinetic Molecular Theory: 1. All ___MATTER__ (solid, liquid and gas) is made up of tiny particles. 2. These particles are in constant _MOTION_. This means they have kinetic energy ("_MOVING_" energy). 3. There are __SPACES__ between the particles of matter. 4. The particles and spaces are so __SMALL__ that they can not be seen. 5. In a __SOLID_, the particles are very close together, and the spaces between the particles are small. Particles of a solid can not move very fast, but can only vibrate. 6. In a _LIQUID__, the particles are slightly farther apart, because the spaces between the particles are larger. Liquid particles move slightly _FASTER_ than solid particles. 7. In a __GAS_, the particles are very far apart. The spaces between the gas particles are very large. Gas particles can move very _FAST_. 8. If __HEAT__ is added to matter, the particles gain kinetic energy, and so they can move faster. SOLID LIQUID GAS Temperature, Thermal Energy and Heat Thermal Energy is heat. Heat and Temperature are NOT the same thing. Heat or Thermal Energy is the total energy of all the particles in an object. -Heat depends on the size of the object. eg. a pot of hot soup has more thermal energy than a cup of hot soup Temperature is a measure of the speed of the particles -Temperature does NOT depend on the size of the object. eg. a cup of soup and a pot of soup have the same temperature. Low temperature- slow moving particles High temperature – fast moving particles Thermometers measure temperature. Fahrenheit scale: measures water freezing at 32oF Celsius scale: measures water freezing at 0oC Heat Transfer Heat transfer involves the movement of heat from a hot object to a cold one. MEASURING TEMPERATURE: -What did Anders Celsius do that makes his name famous? He developed the thermometer (or hotness meter). He did this by putting a tube full of mercury into a flask containing ice. The mercury "shrunk" inside the tube, (the level of mercury moved downwards). He marked off the spot where the mercury moved to, and labeled it 0 degrees Celsius. Then he put the tube of mercury into boiling water and watched the mercury level rise in the tube. He marked off the spot where the mercury rose to, and labeled it 100 degrees Celsius. Basically, a thermometer is a scale of 0 to 100 on how much mercury expands or contracts in a given width of tube! Connection to the KMT: -speed of molecules as heat energy is being added to them -eg. hot water molecules transfer their heat energy through the glass onto the mercury molecules, and then they start to speed up. -expansion of molecules as they heat up - eg. mercury that is not moving faster wants to spread out, so when they are inside this tube, in order to expand, they have to move upwards. ROOM TEMPERATURE: BODY TEMPERATURE: 20 or 25 degrees Celsius 37 degrees Celsius LOWEST POSSIBLE TEMPERATURE: The lowest possible temperature is called absolute zero. It is -273oC. It is the lowest Kinetic Energy that molecules can have (note molecules always have to have a little bit of Kinetic energy - because all molecules are in constant motion). So, absolute zero is the slowest that molecules can move. Sometime scientists find negative temperatures awkward. So they use the Kelvin scale for temperature. The Kelvin scale was developed by British Scientist and engineer Lord Kelvin. O K = -273oC 273 K = 0oC 373 K = 100oC HIGHEST POSSIBLE TEMPERATURE: UNKNOWN!