University:
Kentucky State University
Course:
BIO 303 | Human Physiology
Academic year:

2024
Views:

96

Pages:

47
Author:

Hundebuchesn

Neuronal Circuits and Neuronal Pools Anatomical Orientation Clinical Orientation Atlas Fig. 6-24 The Reality of the Clinical Environment Atlas Fig. 6-24A One Cardinal Plane to Learn AND Understand - Midsagittal A Second Cardinal Plane to Learn AND Understand–Mid-Axial CT & MRI Remember, Your Right is the Patient’s Left Coronal Axial Patient You Patient You Remember, Your Right is the Patient’s Left Remember, Your Right is the Patient’s Left Coronal Axial Patient You Patient You infarction tumor Lesions: localization and types in nervous system Text Fig. 1-4 + lesions You have been asked to neurologically test a 56 year old patient in a hospital room. Although he was open his eyes, he looked comatose and when you asked him questions he did not reply or do anything. However his wife told you that he usually communicates with her by blinking his eyes, and she asked her husband to blink once for “yes” and twice for “no”. Then you asked him if he were at home and he blinked twice. When you asked if he were in a hospital, he blinked once. Then you asked him to move his eyes, and he was able to look in your direction. However, when you asked him if he could move his arms or legs, he blinked twice. He also blinked twice when you asked if he could smile and when asked if he could feel someone moving his arm or leg. Which of the following is the most description of his lesion? A. B. C. D. E. Uncal herniation bilaterally Upward Cerebellar Herniation bilaterally Bilateral internal capsule stroke Bilateral Upper midbrain stroke Bilateral pontine tegmentum stroke Types of sensation • types of sensations – General sensation • Somatic • visceral – Special senses • Smell, taste, vision etc Types of sensation • types of sensations Types of sensation • types of sensations – General sensation • Somatic • visceral – Special senses • Smell, taste, vision etc exteroceptor proprioceptor Types of sensation • types of sensations – General sensation • Somatic • visceral – Special senses • Smell, taste, vision etc exteroceptor Proprioceptor : muscle length and tension, joint position and their motion Sensations receptors Hair root plexus Merkel discs Types of Sensory Receptors • Mechanoreceptors – detect deformation • Thermoreceptors – detect change in temperature • Nociceptors – detect damage (pain receptors) • Electromagnetic – detect light • Chemoreceptors – taste, smell Classification of Somatic Sensations • mechanoreceptive - stimulated by mechanical displacement. – tactile • touch • pressure • vibration • tickle and itch – position or proprioceptive • static position • rate of change Classification of Somatic Sensations • thermoreceptive. – detect heat and cold. • nociceptive. – detect pain and are activated by any factor that damages tissue. Receptor Excitation Figure 46-03 Receptor Potential • the membrane potential of the receptor. – excitation of the receptor results from a change in this potential. – when the receptor potential rises above the threshold, action potentials appear and the receptor is active. – the greater the intensity of the stimulus, the greater the receptor potential, and the greater the rate of action potential generation. Relationship between receptor potential and action potentials Figure 46-2 Adaptation of Receptors • when a continuous stimulus is applied, receptors respond rapidly at first, but response declines until all receptors stop firing. Adaptation of Receptors • when a continuous stimulus is applied, receptors respond rapidly at first, but response declines until all receptors stop firing. Figure 46-5 Slowly Adapting (Tonic) Receptors • continue to transmit impulses to the brain for long periods of time while the stimulus is present. • keep brain apprised of the status of the body with respect to its surroundings. • will adapt to extinction as long as the stimulus is present, however, this may take hours or days. Rapidly Adapting (Phasic) Receptors • respond only when change is taking place. • rate and strength of the response is related to the rate and intensity of the stimulus. • important for predicting the future position or condition of the body. • very important for balance and movement. Sensations receptors

Neuronal Circuits and Neuronal Pools

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