Medicinal Chemistry Chapter 11 Key

Type: multiple choice Title: Chapter 11 - Question 01 01) What is meant by ADME in pharmacokinetics? Feedback: Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion are the factors which determine the blood concentration levels and the lifetime of a drug. incorrect a.# Affinity, dosage, marketing, efficacy. Correct b.# Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion. incorrect c.# Agonism, dependence, mobility, efficiency. incorrect d.# Antagonism, deficiency, mean, efflux. END OF QUESTION Type: multiple choice Title: Chapter 11 - Question 02 02) Which of the following does not have a role to play in affecting the blood levels of an orally administered drug? Feedback: The gut wall has an important role in determining how much of an orally administered drug is absorbed from the digestive tract. The liver contains enzymes which may metabolise the drug, and the kidney is the main organ for excreting the drug and its metabolites. The lungs are important as far as inhaled drugs are concerned, but have no effect on drugs that are taken orally. Correct a.# Lungs. incorrect b.# Liver. incorrect c.# Gut wall. incorrect d.# Kidneys. END OF QUESTION Type: multiple choice Title: Chapter 11 - Question 03 03) Which of the following properties is preferred for an orally administered drug? Feedback: The drug should have some water solubility to dissolve in the digestive tract and the blood, but it must have some hydrophobic character such that it can pass through the cell membranes of cells lining the digestive tract. incorrect a.# Hydrophilic character. incorrect b.# Hydrophobic character. Correct c.# A balance of hydrophilic and hydrophobic character. incorrect d.# None of the options given are correct. END OF QUESTION Type: multiple choice Title: Chapter 11 - Question 04 04) What is the pharmacokinetic advantage of drugs having amine functional groups? Feedback: Amine functional groups are weak bases and so there is equilibrium between the free base or non-ionised form, and the protonated or ionised form. The ionised form shows enhanced water solubility whereas the non-ionised form shows enhanced solubility in fatty cell membranes. As a result, the drug can pass through cell membranes in the non-ionised, hydrophobic form, but still show water solubility as the ionised form. incorrect a.# They are strong bases and are fully ionised. incorrect b.# They are very weak bases and are not ionised at all. Correct c.# incorrect d.# They are weak bases and are in equilibrium between the ionised and free base forms. They are able to form hydrogen bonds. END OF QUESTION Type: multiple choice Title: Chapter 11 - Question 05 05) Some orally active drugs do not obey the rule of five. For example, some polar drugs with a molecular weight between 200 and 500 are found to be orally active. Which of the following mechanisms is the most likely reason for this? Feedback: Some polar drugs can be transported across cell membranes by transport proteins if the drug resembles the molecule which is normally carried by that transport protein. Small polar drugs with a molecular weight less than 200 can squeeze through the pores between the cells lining the gut wall. Large polar molecules can be transported across cells by a process known as pinocytosis. Ion channels are not relevant to the absorption process. Correct a.# Transport by transport proteins. incorrect b.# incorrect c.# Passage through pores between the cells of the gut wall. Pinocytosis. incorrect d.# Ion channels. END OF QUESTION Type: multiple choice Title: Chapter 11 - Question 06 06) The blood concentration of a drug falls with time. Which of the following factors does not cause a drop in blood concentration? Feedback: Distribution of a drug to the tissues will reduce the levels present in the blood supply. Drug metabolism alters the drug to a different compound and so blood concentration levels will fall. Drug excretion removes the drug from the blood supply. Drug absorption will increase blood concentration levels. incorrect a.# Distribution to tissues. incorrect b.# Drug metabolism. incorrect c.# Drug excretion. Correct d.# Drug absorption. END OF QUESTION Type: multiple choice Title: Chapter 11 - Question 07 07) Which of the following statements is true? Feedback: Once a drug enters the blood supply it is rapidly and evenly distributed round the blood supply. However, the distribution to different tissues and organs is uneven since the level of blood supply to each organ varies. incorrect a.# Drugs entering the blood supply are evenly distributed round the blood supply within one minute, resulting in an even distribution to different organs. incorrect b.# incorrect c.# Correct d.# Drugs entering the blood supply are unevenly distributed round the blood supply within one minute, but are evenly distributed to different organs. Drugs entering the blood supply are unevenly distributed round the blood supply within one minute resulting in an uneven distribution to different organs. Drugs entering the blood supply are evenly distributed round the blood supply within one minute, and are unevenly distributed to different organs. END OF QUESTION Type: multiple choice Title: Chapter 11 - Question 08 08) How can advantage be taken of the blood brain barrier in drug design? Feedback: Drugs can be made more hydrophilic if their target is in the peripheral system. This prevents the chances of central nervous system side effects. Increasing the hydrophobicity will increase the level of drug entering the brain, but it is not possible to make a drug completely selective for the brain since those drugs can still escape blood vessels in the peripheral regions. Making a drug more hydrophilic will decrease the chances of it entering the brain. Making it more hydrophobic will increase the chances of it entering the brain. incorrect a.# Drugs can be made more hydrophobic such that they act in the brain and not peripherally. incorrect b.# Drugs can be made more hydrophilic such that they act in the brain and not peripherally. incorrect c.# Drugs can be made more hydrophobic such that they act peripherally and not in the brain. Correct d.# Drugs can be made more hydrophilic such that they act peripherally and not in the brain. END OF QUESTION Type: multiple choice Title: Chapter 11 - Question 09 09) Where is the major site for drug metabolism? Feedback: The liver is the main organ for drug metabolism and contains metabolic enzymes such as the cytochrome P450 enzymes. However, some metabolic reactions can occur in other organs. incorrect a.# Brain. Correct b.# Liver. incorrect c.# Gut wall. incorrect d.# Kidneys. END OF QUESTION Type: multiple choice Title: Chapter 11 - Question 10 10) What role does drug metabolism play in making the excretion of drugs more efficient? Feedback: In general, most metabolic reactions do one of the following: introduce a polar functional group, reveal a polar functional group, or add a second polar molecule to the drug. The more polar the drug, the quicker it is excreted by the kidneys. incorrect a.# It fragments drugs into smaller molecules. incorrect b.# It makes drug more hydrophobic. Correct c.# It makes drugs more polar. incorrect d.# It makes drugs less reactive. END OF QUESTION Type: multiple choice Title: Chapter 11 - Question 11 11) Which of the following statements is the closest description of Phase I metabolism? Feedback: The best description is of reactions which add a polar functional group to a drug. Some phase I metabolic reactions can occur in the blood supply or the gut wall, but they do not take place exclusively at either of these sites. Most of the phase I reactions take place in the liver. Phase II metabolism is where a polar molecule is attached to a polar functional group already present on the drug, or placed there by phase I metabolism. incorrect a.# Reactions which add a polar molecule to a functional group that is already present on a drug or one of its metabolites. incorrect b.# Reactions which occur in the blood supply. Correct c.# Reactions which add a polar functional group to a drug. incorrect d.# Reactions which occur in the gut wall. END OF QUESTION Type: multiple choice Title: Chapter 11 - Question 12 12) What sort of reactions do cytochrome P450 enzymes catalyse? Feedback: Phosphate hydrolysis is catalysed by phosphorylases. Ester hydrolysis is catalysed by esterases. Conjugations are Phase II reactions catalysed by a variety of enzymes. The cytochrome P450 enzymes are oxidases which catalyse phase I metabolic reactions. incorrect a.# Phosphate hydrolysis. incorrect b.# Ester hydrolysis. incorrect c.# Conjugations. Correct d.# Oxidations. END OF QUESTION Type: multiple choice Title: Chapter 11 - Question 13 13) Which of the following functional groups cannot be formed by a metabolic reaction catalysed by cytochrome P450 enzymes? Feedback: Alcohols, ketones, and carboxylic acids can all be formed by oxidation of exposed alkyl groups. Ethers are more likely to be cleaved in a metabolic reaction and are not formed as a result of one. Correct a.# Ethers. incorrect b.# Ketones. incorrect c.# Alcohols. incorrect d.# Carboxylic acids. END OF QUESTION Type: multiple choice Title: Chapter 11 - Question 14 14) Why may a drug bearing an ester group that is important to target binding have a limited duration of action? Feedback: Esters are prone to hydrolysis by esterases. If this group was important to target binding, metabolism would weaken the ability of the drug to bind to its target. Esters are frequently used to protect polar functional groups and to enhance absorption from the gut, or passage through the blood brain barrier, and so it is unlikely that an ester ‘fails to be absorbed efficiently from the gut’ or ‘fails to cross the blood brain barrier’. The ester is not a particularly polar functional group and so much of the drug is likely to be reabsorbed in the kidneys. incorrect a.# It fails to be absorbed efficiently from the gut. Correct b.# The ester is hydrolysed by esterase enzymes. incorrect c.# It fails to cross the blood brain barrier. incorrect d.# It is rapidly excreted by the kidneys. END OF QUESTION Type: multiple choice Title: Chapter 11 - Question 15 15) Benzene is a suspect carcinogen since it is oxidised by cytochrome P450 enzymes to an electrophilic epoxide. As a result, benzene has been largely replaced by toluene as a solvent. Toluene is also oxidised by cytochrome P450 enzymes but the metabolite is less toxic and rapidly excreted. Suggest what the metabolite might be. Feedback: The methyl group is 'exposed' to attack by cytochrome P450 enzymes. It is also an activated benzylic carbon and so oxidation through to the carboxylic acid is most likely. Correct a.# Benzoic acid. incorrect b.# Benzyl alcohol. incorrect c.# Benzaldehyde. incorrect d.# para-Methylphenol. END OF QUESTION Type: multiple choice Title: Chapter 11 - Question 16 16) Benzene is a suspect carcinogen since it is oxidised by cytochrome P450 enzymes to an electrophilic epoxide. As a result, benzene has been largely replaced by toluene as a solvent. Toluene is also oxidised by cytochrome P450 enzymes but the metabolite is less toxic and rapidly excreted. Why is the metabolite rapidly excreted? Feedback: The metabolite formed is benzoic acid. The carboxylic acid of benzoic acid is highly polar and so benzoic acid is unlikely to be reabsorbed from the kidneys and will be rapidly excreted. Excretion from the lungs is only possible with volatile molecules and gases, and benzoic acid is not volatile. incorrect a.# It is more hydrophobic and is rapidly excreted by the kidneys. Correct b.# incorrect c.# incorrect d.# It is more hydrophilic and is rapidly excreted by the kidneys. It is more hydrophobic and is rapidly excreted by the lungs. It is more hydrophilic and is rapidly excreted by the lungs. END OF QUESTION Type: multiple choice Title: Chapter 11 - Question 17 17) Which of the following is not an enzyme involved in catalysing Phase II metabolic reactions? Feedback: Phase II metabolic reactions are conjugation reactions involving the attachment of a polar molecule to a polar functional group present on the drug or placed there by a phase I metabolic reaction. Adenosyl methionine, glutathione transferase, and sulfotransferase are examples of enzymes which catalyse conjugation reactions. Peptidase catalyses the hydrolysis of a peptide bond to reveal a carboxylic acid and an amine. This is a phase I metabolic reaction. incorrect a.# Adenosyl methionine. Correct b.# Peptidase. incorrect c.# Glutathione transferase. incorrect d.# Sulfotransferase. END OF QUESTION Type: multiple choice Title: Chapter 11 - Question 18 18) Drugs can be excreted from the body by various routes. Which of the following is generally the most important route? Feedback: The kidneys are the most important organs in drug excretion. However, a certain level of drug excretion can take place via sweat, the lungs, or the bile duct. Whether drugs are actually excreted by these alternative routes depends on the particular drug concerned. For example, gaseous general anaesthetics can be excreted from the lungs, whereas non gaseous, non volatile drugs are not. incorrect a.# Sweat. incorrect b.# Lungs. Correct c.# Kidneys. incorrect d.# Bile duct. END OF QUESTION Type: multiple choice Title: Chapter 11 -Question 19 19) Some drugs are excreted more efficiently than others. Which of the following statements is the best general explanation for this? Feedback: The blood is filtered under pressure such that water, drugs, and their metabolites are filtered into the nephrons of the kidney. Water is reabsorbed into the blood supply setting up a concentration gradient where the concentration of drug metabolites in the nephron is higher than in the surrounding blood vessels. Hydrophobic molecules can cross the cell membrane of the nephron down the concentration gradient and re-enter the blood vessels. Polar molecules are trapped in the nephron and excreted. Excretion by the lungs is efficient only for volatile and gaseous hydrophobic molecules. incorrect a.# Correct b.# incorrect c.# incorrect d.# Hydrophobic drugs are excreted more efficiently by the kidneys. Hydrophilic drugs are excreted more efficiently by the kidneys. Hydrophobic drugs are excreted more efficiently by the lungs. Hydrophilic drugs are excreted more efficiently by the lungs. END OF QUESTION Type: multiple choice Title: Chapter 11 - Question 20 20) Orally taken drugs are absorbed into the blood supply and passed through the liver where a certain percentage of the drug is modified by drug metabolism before the drug is distributed round the rest of the body. What is the term used to describe this process? Feedback: The primary effect has no meaning in this context. There is no such thing as an ADME effect. ADME stands for the principle factors to be considered in pharmacokinetics - absorption, distribution, metabolism,and excretion. There is no such thing as the conjugation effect in this context. Conjugation can apply to many things. In drug metabolism, phase II reactions are conjugation reactions. incorrect a.# The primary effect. incorrect b.# The ADME effect. incorrect c.# The conjugation effect. Correct d.# The first pass effect. END OF QUESTION Type: multiple choice Title: Chapter 11 - Question 21 21) Which of the following methods of administration is the most efficient in achieving high blood concentrations of a drug? Feedback: Injection is the most efficient in achieving high blood concentrations of a drug - particularly intravenous injection. Inhalation is also efficient though less so than injection. Topical and oral administrations are less efficient. incorrect a.# Inhalation. Correct b.# Injection. incorrect c.# Topical. incorrect d.# Oral. END OF QUESTION Type: multiple choice Title: Chapter 11 - Question 22 22) Which of the following methods of drug administration carries the greatest risk? Feedback: Since injection is the most efficient method of delivering high blood concentrations of a drug, it is also the most hazardous method of administration. If an excess dose is administered or if unexpected side effects are observed, there is very little time to take remedial action. incorrect a.# Inhalation. Correct b.# Injection. incorrect c.# Topical absorption. incorrect d.# Oral absorption. END OF QUESTION Type: multiple choice Title: Chapter 11 - Question 23 23) Anti-asthmatic drugs are usually administered by inhalation. Which of the following is a desirable pharmacokinetic property for an anti-asthmatic drug administered in this way? Feedback: It is desirable to localise anti-asthmatic drugs in the airways. Polar drugs are less likely to cross the cell membranes of cells lining the airways. This means that they are less likely to enter the blood supply and cause undesirable side effects. Drugs which are hydrophobic are more likely to cross the cell membranes and enter the blood supply. Drugs with a large molecular weight may prove difficult to administer as an aerosol. An aromatic ring is present in several anti-asthmatic agents, but its importance is due to binding interactions with the drug's target and not for pharmacokinetic reasons. incorrect a.# Hydrophobic nature. incorrect b.# Large molecular weight. Correct c.# Polar character. incorrect d.# Presence of an aromatic ring. END OF QUESTION Type: multiple choice Title: Chapter 11 - Question 24 24) What is meant by topical administration? Feedback: Topical administration involves the application of the drug to the skin such that it acts at the surface of the body or is absorbed through the skin. incorrect a.# Injection through the skin. incorrect b.# Suppositories. Correct c.# Absorption through the skin. incorrect d.# Inhalation via the lungs. END OF QUESTION Type: matching Title: Chapter 11 - Question 25 25) Match the following terms to the descriptions: Feedback: An intrathecal injection is injected directly into the spinal cord. An intraperitoneal injection is injected into the abdominal cavity. A subcutaneous injection is injected under the skin. An intramuscular injection is injected into muscle. a.# The injection of a drug under = Subcutaneous the skin. b.# The injection of a drug into = Intrathecal the spinal cord. c.# The injection of a drug into = Intramuscular muscle. d.# The injection of a drug into = Intraperitoneal the abdominal cavity. END OF QUESTION Type: multiple choice Title: Chapter 11 - Question 26 26) A drug has a half life of 4 hours. How much of the drug remains after 24 hours? Feedback: The level of drug halves every four hours. 50% is left after 4 hours, 25% after 8 hours, 12.5% after 12 hours, 6.25% after 16 hours, 3.125% after 20 hours and 1.5625% after 24 hours. incorrect a.# 16.7% Correct b.# 1.6% incorrect c.# 0.16% incorrect d.# 0.016% END OF QUESTION Type: multiple choice Title: Chapter 11 - Question 27 27) The quaternary salt of morphine binds strongly to CNS opioid receptors in vitro. However, the compound is inactive in vivo when injected into the blood supply. Explain this apparent contradiction. Feedback: The opioid receptors are located in the central nervous system and so drugs have to cross the blood brain barrier to interact with them. Since the molecule shown has a permanent positive charge, it cannot cross the blood brain barrier and fails to reach the opioid receptors. It has no in vivo activity. In vitro tests are carried out on isolated cells containing the opioid receptors. There is no blood brain barrier to cross and the drug can interact with the receptors and bind strongly. If the drug is injected directly into the spinal column in vivo, it proves to be active. incorrect a.# The drug is rapidly metabolised. incorrect b.# The drug is rapidly excreted. Correct c.# The drug fails to cross the blood brain barrier. incorrect d.# The drug is bound strongly to plasma proteins. END OF QUESTION Type: multiple choice Title: Chapter 11 - Question 28 28) Which of the following has not been used to assist in drug delivery? Feedback: Antibodies have been used to target drugs to particular cells such as cancer cells. The drug is linked to an antibody that recognises a specific antigen on target cells. The antibody binds to the antigen on the cell and in doing so delivers the drug to that cell. Thus, the antigen acts as a target and not as a mode of delivery. The interior of a liposome or a microsphere can be loaded with a drug such that the latter is protected from metabolic enzymes. incorrect a.# Antibodies. Correct b.# Antigens. incorrect c.# Liposomes. incorrect d.# Microspheres. END OF QUESTION Type: matching Title: Chapter 09 - Question 29 29) Match the following terms to the descriptions given. Feedback: Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics are both relevant to drug design but study different properties of the candidate drug. In pharmacodynamics the focus is on how the candidate drug interacts with its target binding site, whereas in pharmacokinetics one is studying the various factors that might influence how much of the drug reaches the target in vivo. Structure-based drug design is a process whereby drugs can be designed to interact better with their target binding site, based on a knowledge of how they bind. Structure-activity relationships involve the testing of analogues to see which groups or substituents are important for biological activity. a.# The study of how a drug reaches it target in the body and how blood levels are affected by absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion Pharmacokinetics. = Pharmacokinetics. b.# The study of how drugs are designed using molecular modelling, based on knowledge of how it interacts with the target binding site. = Structure-based drug design c.# The study of how a drug interacts with its target binding site Pharmacodynamics. = Pharmacodynamics d.# The study of which functional groups in a compound are important for binding a drug to its target binding site and/or its activity. = Structure-activity relationships END OF QUESTION Type: multiple choice Title: Chapter 11 - Question 30 30) Which of the following is one of the rules in Lipinski's rule of five? Feedback: The molecular weight should be less than 500. There should be no more than ten hydrogen bond acceptor groups. The calculated logP value should be less than +5 incorrect a.# A molecular weight equal to 500. Correct b.# No more than five hydrogen bond donor groups. incorrect c.# No more than five hydrogen bond acceptor groups. incorrect d.# A calculated logP value more than +5. END OF QUESTION Type: multiple choice Title: Chapter 11 - Question 31 3 Which of the following descriptions refers to the absorption process known as 1 pinocytosis? ) Feedback: Some polar drugs can be transported across cell membranes by transport proteins if the drug resembles the molecule which is normally carried by that transport protein. Small polar drugs with a molecular weight less than 200 can squeeze through the pores between the cells lining the gut wall. Large polar molecules can be transported across cells by a process known as pinocytosis. Ion channels are not relevant to the absorption process. incorrect a.# The process by which a drug is 'wrapped up' by a protein in the cell membrane such that it can be carried across the cell membrane. incorrect b.# The process by which small molecules can squeeze through the small pores that exist between different cells in the gut wall. Correct c.# The process by which drugs of large molecular weight are enveloped by the cell membrane of a cell lining the gut wall, leading to the pinching off of a membane bound vesicle which carries the drug into the cell. incorrect d.# The process by which ion channels open to allow the crossing of ions across the cell membrane. END OF QUESTION Type: multiple choice Title: Chapter 11 - Question 32 32) Which type of functional group would be useful to have in a drug designed to treat a gut infection? Feedback: A carboxylate group is ionised and will make the drug highly polar. A highly polar antibacterial drug will not be able to cross the gut wall, since it will not be able to pass through hydrophobic cell membranes. It will, therefore, remain in the gut and can be used to treat gut infections. incorrect a.# An aromatic ring. incorrect b.# An alcohol group. Correct c.# A carboxylate group. incorrect d.# A ketone. END OF QUESTION Type: multiple choice Title: Chapter 11 - Question 33 33) Which of the following statements is false regarding the blood brain barrier? Feedback: The cells making up the walls of capillaries supplying the brain are only one cell thick, but the cells are more tightly packed than those supplying other parts of the body. As a result, drugs have to cross cell membranes to depart the blood vessels and enter the brain. There is also a fatty coating which surrounds the blood vessels and acts as a further barrier. This fatty coating is not part of the capillary wall. For all these reasons, hydrophobic drugs are more likely to cross the blood brain barrier. incorrect a.# The walls of the capillaries supplying the brain have tight fitting cells making it difficult for polar drugs to leave the capillaries. incorrect b.# incorrect c.# Correct d.# The capillaries in the brain have a fatty coating making it more difficult for drugs to enter the brain. The walls of peripheral capillaries are 'leakier' than those in the central nervous system. Hydrophilic drugs pass through the blood brain barrier more easily than hydrophobic drugs. END OF QUESTION Type: multiple choice Title: Chapter 11- Question 34 34) Which of the following statements is not true about cytochrome P450 enzymes? Feedback: The cytochrome P450 enzymes belong to a general class of enzymes called monooxygenases. The sulfotransferases are conjugation enzymes. incorrect a.# They contain haem and iron. Correct b.# incorrect c.# incorrect d.# They belong to a general class of enzymes called sulfotransferases. There are over 30 different cytochrome P450 enzymes. Variation in cytochrome P450 enzyme profile between individuals can explain individual variation in drug susceptibility. END OF QUESTION Type: multiple choice Title: Chapter 11 - Question 35 35) Which of the carbon atoms in the following structure is likely to be least susceptible to cytochrome P450 enzymes? Feedback: Exposed groups such as terminal methyl groups (carbons A and D) are susceptible to oxidation by cytochrome P450 enzymes, as are activated carbons such as allylic and benzylic carbons (carbon B). Quaternary carbon atoms such as carbon C are 'buried' and unlikely to be susceptible to cytochrome P450 enzymes. incorrect a.# Carbon A. incorrect b.# Carbon B. Correct c.# Carbon C. incorrect d.# Carbon D. END OF QUESTION Type: multiple choice Title: Chapter 11- Question 36 36) Which of the following functional groups can be metabolised by cytochrome P450 enzymes? Feedback: Cytochrome P450 enzymes catalyse oxidation reactions and can catalyse the oxidation of aromatic rings. An epoxide is a possible product from a cytochrome P450 reaction on an alkene or aromatic ring. A carboxylic acid is a possible product from the cytochrome P450 catalysed oxidation of a terminal methyl group or a primary alcohol. An ester is normally hydrolysed by esterase enzymes. Correct a.# Aromatic ring. incorrect b.# Epoxide. incorrect c.# Carboxylic acid. incorrect d.# Ester. END OF QUESTION Type: multiple choice Title: Chapter 11 - Question 37 37) Which of the following enzymes catalyses a Phase I metabolic reaction? Feedback: Monoamine oxidase catalyses the formation of aldehydes from primary amines which is a phase I metabolic reaction. The other enzymes catalyse phase II metabolic reactions. incorrect a.# Sulfotransferases. Correct b.# Monoamine oxidases. incorrect c.# Glucuronyltransferase. incorrect d.# Glutathione transferases. END OF QUESTION Type: multiple choice Title: Chapter 11 - Question 38 38) Which of the following reactions is not a Phase I metabolic transformation? Feedback: Reactions which introduce, modify, or reveal functional groups are phase I metabolic reactions. Conjugation reactions involve the attachment of a polar molecule to a polar functional group and this is a phase II metabolic reaction. Conjugation of a glucuronide to an alcohol is a phase II metabolic reaction. incorrect a.# Oxidation of a methyl group to a carboxylic acid. Correct b.# The addition of a glucuronide to an alcohol group. incorrect c.# Oxidation of an amine to an N-oxide. incorrect d.# Epoxidation of an alkene. END OF QUESTION Type: multiple choice Title: Chapter 11 - Question 39 39) Which of the following is a phase II metabolic reaction? Feedback: Phase II metabolic reactions are conjugation reactions involving the attachment of a polar molecule to a polar functional group present on the drug, or placed there by a phase I metabolic reaction. Formation of a sulfate from an alcohol is an example of a conjugation reaction. The other options are phase I metabolic reactions. incorrect a.# Formation of a carboxylic acid from a primary methyl group. Correct b.# Formation of a sulfate from an alcohol. incorrect c.# Formation of a carboxylic acid and alcohol from an ester. incorrect d.# Formation of a ketone at a benzylic carbon. END OF QUESTION Type: multiple choice Title: Chapter 11 - Question 40 40) Which of the following is an enzyme involved in catalysing Phase II metabolic reactions? Feedback: Phase II metabolic reactions are conjugation reactions involving the attachment of a polar molecule to a polar functional group present on the drug or which has been placed there by a phase I metabolic reaction. Glutathione transferase is an example of an enzyme which catalyses a conjugation, phase II reaction. The other enzymes catalyse phase I metabolic reactions. incorrect a.# Cytochrome P450. incorrect b.# Peptidase. Correct c.# Glutathione transferase. incorrect d.# Monoamine oxidases. END OF QUESTION