E-Commerce Chapter 5 Answers

Chapter 2 E-commerce Business Models and Concepts Chapter 5 1) A value proposition defines how a company's product or service fulfills the needs of a customer. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 66 AACSB: Reflective Thinking 2) The terms revenue model and financial model can be used interchangeably. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 66 AACSB: Reflective Thinking 3) In order to be considered successful, a firm must produce returns greater than alternative investments. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 67 AACSB: Reflective Thinking 4) An asymmetry exists whenever one participant in a market has more resources than other participants. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 70 AACSB: Analytic Skills 5) Most first movers have the complementary resources needed to sustain their advantage. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 73 AACSB: Reflective Thinking 6) All firms need an organization to efficiently implement their business plans and strategies. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 74 AACSB: Reflective Thinking 7) Visitors to specialized niche vortals tend to spend less money than the average visitor to a horizontal portal. Answer: FALSE Diff: 3 Page Ref: 78 AACSB: Reflective Thinking 8) Barriers to entry into the e-tail marketplace are high. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 78 AACSB: Reflective Thinking 1 9) Differentiation refers to situations in which there is little difference between products and the only basis of choosing a product is price. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 103 AACSB: Reflective Thinking 10) Scale economies are efficiencies that result from flattening the hierarchy of an organization. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 88 AACSB: Reflective Thinking 11) Real markets are perfect markets. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 71 AACSB: Reflective Thinking 12) The Internet's universal standards decrease the cost of industry and firm operations. Answer: TRUE Diff: 3 Page Ref: 97 AACSB: Analytic Skills 13) Interactivity made possible by the Web alters industry structure by reducing the threat of substitutes by making enhanced customization of products and services possible. Answer: TRUE Diff: 3 Page Ref: 97 AACSB: Analytic Skills 14) Interfirm rivalry is one area of the business environment where e-commerce technologies have had an impact on most industries. Answer: TRUE Diff: 3 Page Ref: 99 AACSB: Reflective Thinking 15) Social network technologies change industry structure by shifting programming and editorial decisions to consumers. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 97 AACSB: Reflective Thinking 2 16) ________ and ________ are typically the most easily identifiable aspects of a company's business model. A) Market strategy; market opportunity B) Value proposition; revenue model C) Value proposition; competitive environment D) Revenue model; market strategy Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 66 AACSB: Analytic Skills 17) All of the following are key elements of a business model except: A) competitive environment. B) organizational development. C) information technology strategy. D) market strategy. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 66 AACSB: Analytic Skills 18) Which element of the business model addresses the question of why a customer should buy from the firm? A) revenue model B) competitive advantage C) market strategy D) value proposition Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 66 AACSB: Reflective Thinking 19) Which element of the business model examines who else occupies the firm's intended marketspace? A) value proposition B) competitive environment C) competitive advantage D) market strategy Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 70 AACSB: Reflective Thinking 20) Which of the following are Amazon's primary value propositions? A) personalization and customization B) selection and convenience C) reduction of price discovery cost D) management of product delivery Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 66 AACSB: Analytic Skills 3 21) Your solar-panel manufacturing firm has developed a unique and patented process for creating high-efficiency solar panels at a fraction of current costs. This will enable your firm to adopt a strategy of: A) cost competition. B) scope. C) scale. D) focus. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 104 AACSB: Analytic Skills 22) A firm's ________ describes how a firm will produce a superior return on invested capital. A) value proposition B) revenue model C) market strategy D) competitive advantage Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 66 AACSB: Reflective Thinking 23) Which of the following is an example of the subscription revenue model? A) Ancestry.com B) eBay C) Amazon D) Twitter Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 67 AACSB: Analytic Skills 24) Stickiness is an important attribute for which revenue model? A) advertising revenue model B) subscription revenue model C) transaction fee revenue model D) sales revenue model Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 67 AACSB: Reflective Thinking 25) Which of the following companies utilizes a transaction fee revenue model? A) WSJ.com B) E*Trade C) Twitter D) Sears.com Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 67 AACSB: Analytic Skills 4 26) Which of the following is an example of the affiliate revenue model? A) Yahoo B) eBay C) Gap.com D) MyPoints Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 68 AACSB: Analytic Skills 27) Assume you are analyzing the market opportunity of a distance learning company, Learnmore.com, that creates education courses delivered over the Internet for the Fortune 1000 corporate market. Assume that the overall size of the distance learning market is $25 billion. The overall market can be broken down into three major market segments: Corporate, College, and Elementary/High School, each of which accounts for a third of the market. Within the Corporate market, there are two market niches: Fortune 1000, which accounts for 60% of the market, and all others, which together account for 40% of the market. What is Learnmore.com's realistic market opportunity, approximately? A) $5 billion B) $6.6 billion C) $165 billion D) $25 billion Answer: A Diff: 3 Page Ref: 69 AACSB: Analytic Skills 28) Which of the following factors is not a significant influence on a company's competitive environment? A) how many competitors are active B) what the market share of each competitor is C) the availability of supportive organizational structures D) how competitors price their products Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 70 AACSB: Reflective Thinking 29) Which of the following would be considered an indirect competitor of American Airlines? A) JetBlue B) Zipcar C) Orbitz D) British Airways Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 70 AACSB: Analytic Skills 5 30) The existence of a large number of competitors in any one market segment may indicate: A) an untapped market niche. B) the market is saturated. C) no one firm has differentiated itself within that market. D) a market that has already been tried without success. Answer: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 70 AACSB: Analytic Skills 31) All of the following can be considered a direct or indirect competitor of Amazon.com except: A) eBay. B) Apple's iTunes Store. C) Barnesandnoble.com. D) Starbucks. Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 70 AACSB: Analytic Skills 32) A perfect market is one in which: A) there are no competitive advantages or asymmetries because all firms have equal access to all the factors to production. B) one firm develops an advantage based on a factor of production that other firms cannot purchase. C) one participant in the market has more resources than the others. D) competition is at a minimum, as each niche market within an industry is served by the company with the greatest competitive advantage. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 71 AACSB: Analytic Skills 33) The business model of e-distributors is quite similar to that of: A) e-tailers. B) transaction brokers. C) exchanges. D) service providers. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 78, 87 AACSB: Analytic Skills 34) All of the following use an advertising revenue model except: A) Facebook. B) Yahoo. C) Google. D) Amazon. Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 80 AACSB: Analytic Skills 6 35) All of the following statements about Groupon are true except: A) Groupon has yet to show a profit. B) Groupon combines two major trends in e-commerce: localization and social networks. C) it is unclear if Groupon's business model is sustainable. D) Groupon believes it must scale up fast in a winner-take-all market. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 74-76 AACSB: Reflective Thinking 36) Which of the following is not considered a portal? A) Yahoo B) MSN C) WSJ.com D) AOL Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 76 AACSB: Analytic Skills 37) Horizontal or general portals primarily generate revenue in all of the following ways except: A) charging advertisers for ad placement. B) collecting transaction fees. C) sales of goods. D) charging subscription fees. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 76, 77 AACSB: Reflective Thinking 38) A business document that specifically details how you plan on selling your product and find new customers is called a: A) sales analysis. B) business plan. C) competitive strategy. D) market strategy. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 72 AACSB: Reflective Thinking 39) Which of the following is not a community provider? A) LinkedIn B) Facebook C) Priceline D) iVillage Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 77, 85 AACSB: Reflective Thinking 7 40) Which of the following is not a variation of the e-tailer business model? A) bricks-and-clicks B) virtual merchant C) market creator D) manufacturer-direct Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 77 AACSB: Reflective Thinking 41) An example of a company using the content provider model is: A) Priceline. B) Rhapsody.com. C) Dell. D) eBay. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 79 AACSB: Reflective Thinking 42) Which of the following is not an example of the bricks-and-clicks e-tailing business model? A) Walmart.com B) JCPenney.com C) Drugstore.com D) Staples.com Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 78 AACSB: Reflective Thinking 43) The overall retail market in the United States in 2011 was estimated at about: A) $36 billion. B) $360 billion. C) $3.6 trillion. D) $36 trillion. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 78 AACSB: Reflective Thinking 44) In general, the key to becoming a successful content provider is to: A) own the content being provided. B) own the technology by which content is created, presented, and distributed. C) provide online content for free. D) provide other services as well as online content. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 79 AACSB: Reflective Thinking 8 45) Monster.com is an example of a: A) community provider. B) transaction broker. C) market creator. D) service provider. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 77 AACSB: Reflective Thinking 46) Which of the following is not a true statement about the online brokerage market? A) First movers initially dominated the market. B) Significant consolidation is now occurring in the industry. C) Traditional brokerages have been unable to mount an effective challenge to the pure online brokerages. D) Online stockbrokers charge commissions that are considerably less than traditional brokers. Answer: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 80 AACSB: Reflective Thinking 47) The basic value proposition of community providers is: A) they offer a fast, convenient one-stop site where users can focus on their most important concerns and interests. B) they offer consumers valuable, convenient, time-saving, and low cost alternatives to traditional service providers. C) they create a digital electronic environment for buyers and sellers to meet, agree on a price and transact. D) they increase customers' productivity by helping them get things done faster and more cheaply. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 85 AACSB: Reflective Thinking 48) All of the following are examples of Business-to-Business (B2B) business model except: A) e-distributors. B) e-procurement. C) private industrial networks. D) e-tailers. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 87 AACSB: Reflective Thinking 9 49) What is the primary revenue model for an e-distributor? A) sales B) transaction fee C) advertising D) subscription Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 87 AACSB: Reflective Thinking 50) Grainger.com is an example of which of the following business models? A) B2B service provider B) exchange C) e-distributor D) industry consortia Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 87 AACSB: Analytic Skills 51) Which of the following is an example of an e-procurement business model? A) Grainger.com B) Elemica C) Ariba.com D) ChemConnect Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 88 AACSB: Analytic Skills 52) One of the competitive advantages of a B2B service provider is that it can spread the cost of an expensive software system over many users, achieving efficiencies referred to as: A) application efficiencies. B) network efficiencies. C) scale economies. D) network externalities. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 88 AACSB: Reflective Thinking 53) Over the past few years: A) the number of exchanges greatly increased. B) the number of exchanges diminished sharply. C) the number of exchanges stayed about the same. D) exchanges have totally disappeared. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 89 AACSB: Reflective Thinking 10 54) Exostar is an example of a(n): A) private industrial network. B) exchange. C) industry consortium. D) e-distributor. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 89 AACSB: Reflective Thinking 55) A ________ business model provides a way for consumers to sell to each other with the help of an online business. A) B2B B) B2C C) C2C D) P2P Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 90 AACSB: Reflective Thinking 56) The key technologies for m-commerce are: A) cell phone-based 3G/4G, Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth. B) cell phone-based 2G, 3G, and 4G. C) WiFi, TCP/IP, and HTML. D) WLAN, WiFi, and Ultrawideband. Answer: A Diff: 3 Page Ref: 91 AACSB: Reflective Thinking 57) In 2011, there were an estimated ________ wireless hot spots worldwide. A) 5,000 B) 50,000 C) 500,000 D) 5 million Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 91 AACSB: Reflective Thinking 11 58) Your startup firm has developed Web-based note-taking software that allows participants to create and share virtual notes attached to existing Web pages. You anticipate marketing your online application to Web development and design companies. Which of the following revenue models is the most appropriate for your new company? A) advertising B) transaction fee C) affiliate D) subscription Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 67 AACSB: Analytic Skills 59) Which of the following is the fastest-growing form of e-commerce? A) B2B e-commerce B) mobile commerce C) B2C e-commerce D) C2C e-commerce Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 91 AACSB: Reflective Thinking 60) Which of the following features of e-commerce technology changes industry structure by lowering barriers to entry but greatly expands the market at the same time? A) global reach B) richness C) interactivity D) personalization Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 97 AACSB: Use of IT 61) Which of the following features of e-commerce technology changes industry structure by weakening powerful sales channels, shifting bargaining power to consumers? A) ubiquity B) information density C) universal standards D) global reach Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 97 AACSB: Use of IT 12 62) Which of the following is not a primary activity in a firm value chain? A) inbound logistics B) finance/accounting C) operations D) sales and marketing Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 101 AACSB: Reflective Thinking 63) A ________ coordinates a firm's suppliers, distributors, and delivery firms with its own production needs using an Internet-based supply chain management system. A) value chain B) value system C) value web D) business strategy Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 101 AACSB: Use of IT 64) If you wished to leverage the ubiquitous nature of the Web to differentiate your product, you would: A) enable individual customization of the product by consumers. B) implement a strategy of commoditization. C) adopt a strategy of cost competition. D) develop a scope strategy to compete within a narrower market segment. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 103 AACSB: Use of IT 65) A strategy designed to compete within a narrow market or product segment is called a ________ strategy. A) scope B) differentiation C) cost D) focus Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 105 AACSB: Reflective Thinking 66) A(n) ________ is a set of planned activities designed to result in a profit in marketplace. Answer: business model Diff: 2 Page Ref: 65 AACSB: Reflective Thinking 13 67) In the ________ revenue model, a Web site that offers users content or services charges a fee for access to some or all of its offerings. Answer: subscription Diff: 2 Page Ref: 67 AACSB: Reflective Thinking 68) A firm's ________ refers to the other companies operating in the same marketspace selling similar products. Answer: competitive environment Diff: 2 Page Ref: 70 AACSB: Reflective Thinking 69) A(n) ________ is a company that sells products and services that are very similar and into the same market segment. Answer: direct competitor Diff: 2 Page Ref: 70 AACSB: Reflective Thinking 70) The use by a company of its competitive advantage to achieve more advantage in surrounding markets is known as ________. Answer: leverage Diff: 2 Page Ref: 71 AACSB: Reflective Thinking 71) Today, the ________ business model offers users content as well as Web search tools in order to act as a destination site. Answer: portal Diff: 1 Page Ref: 76 AACSB: Reflective Thinking 72) The financial services, travel services, and job placement services industries use the ________ business model. Answer: transaction broker Diff: 1 Page Ref: 80 AACSB: Reflective Thinking 73) In the ________ business model, a Web-based business builds a digital environment in which buyers and sellers can meet, display products, search for products, and establish prices. Answer: market creator market creators Diff: 2 Page Ref: 83 AACSB: Reflective Thinking 14 74) A(n) ________ is a company that collects information from a wide variety of sources and then adds value to that information. Answer: Web aggregator Diff: 1 Page Ref: 79 AACSB: Reflective Thinking 75) A(n) ________ marketplace supplies products and services of interest to particular industries. Answer: vertical Diff: 2 Page Ref: 89 AACSB: Reflective Thinking 76) ________ is a social network based on 140-character messages. Answer: Twitter Diff: 2 Page Ref: 86 AACSB: Reflective Thinking 77) An industry ________ is an effort to understand and describe the nature of competition in an industry, the nature of substitute products, the barriers to entry, and the relative strength of consumers and suppliers. Answer: structural analysis Diff: 2 Page Ref: 96-97 AACSB: Reflective Thinking 78) A(n) ________ is the set of activities performed in an industry or in a firm that transforms raw inputs into final products and services. Answer: value chain Diff: 2 Page Ref: 99-100 AACSB: Reflective Thinking 79) ________ occurs when there are no differences among products or services and the only basis for choosing is a particular product or service is price. Answer: Commoditization Diff: 2 Page Ref: 103 AACSB: Reflective Thinking 80) A(n) ________ strategy is a strategy to compete in all markets around the globe rather than merely in local, regional, or national markets. Answer: scope Diff: 2 Page Ref: 105 AACSB: Reflective Thinking 15 81) Define and describe the transaction broker business model and discuss the eight components of the business model for this type of B2C firm. Answer: The transaction broker business model is most commonly found in the financial services, travel services, and job placement services industries. The eight elements of a business model are value proposition, revenue model, market opportunity, competitive environment, competitive advantage, market strategy, organizational development, and management team. The primary value proposition for a transaction broker is the saving of time and money. These sites also often provide timely information and opinion. They offer the consumer the opportunity to increase their individual productivity by helping them to get things done faster and more cheaply. The revenue model for these firms is based upon receiving commissions or transaction fees when a successful business deal is completed. Online stock trading firms receive either a flat fee for each transaction or a fee based on a sliding scale according to the size of the transaction. Job sites charge the employers a listing fee up front, rather than when the position is filled as traditional "head hunter" firms have done. The market opportunity for transaction brokers in financial services appears to be large due to the rising interest in receiving financial planning advice and conducting stock transactions online. Demand is also increasing for job placement help that is national and even global in nature and for purchasing travel services quickly and easily online. However, there is some market resistance due to consumer's fear of loss of privacy and loss of control over their personal financial information. The competitive environment for financial services has become fierce as new entrants, including the traditional brokerage firms that have now entered the online marketspace, have flooded the market. In order to compete effectively, online traders must convince consumers that they have superior security and privacy procedures. The number of job placement sites has also multiplied, and the largest sites such as Monster.com, which have the greatest number of job listings, are the most likely to survive. Consolidation in all of the transaction broker markets is presently occurring, making the market opportunity and competitive environment for new firms looking to enter the marketspace bleak. The market strategies for such firms typically include expensive marketing campaigns to convince consumers to switch from their current provider or to choose their company over other more well-established competitors, also a daunting task in the present economic environment. Achieving a competitive advantage is crucial to firms trying to enter these industries. Possible strategies are to lure well-known names in the industry away from their present positions to head a new endeavor, giving the firm instant credibility in the market. Experienced, knowledgeable and well-known employees may be able to give a new firm a competitive edge. 16 New companies may have to start out recruiting a specialized highly skilled staff, with an organizational development plan that is far more advanced than the typical startup. A strong management team will attract investors and convince investors and consumers alike that a new firm has plenty of market-specific knowledge and the experience necessary to implement the business plan. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 65-73, 80 AACSB: Analytic Skills 82) Define organizational development and describe its importance in relation to the implementation of a business plan and strategy. Answer: Organizational development is a plan that describes how the company will organize the work that needs to be accomplished in the business plan or strategy. Typically, work is divided into functional departments, such as production, shipping, marketing, customer support, and finance. Jobs within these functional areas are defined, and then recruitment begins for specific job titles and responsibilities. Typically, in the beginning, generalists who can perform multiple tasks are hired. As the company grows, recruiting becomes more specialized. For instance, at the outset, a business may have one marketing manager. But after two or three years of steady growth, that one marketing position may be broken down into seven separate jobs done by seven individuals. All firms—new ones in particular—need an organization to efficiently implement their business plans and strategies. Many e-commerce firms and many traditional firms that attempt an ecommerce strategy have failed because they lacked the organizational structures and supportive cultural values required to support new forms of commerce. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 72 AACSB: Analytic Skills 17 83) Define the term industry structure and discuss the ways the Internet and e-commerce have changed the five forces that characterize industry structure. Answer: The term industry structure refers to the general business environment in an industry. It is defined by the nature of the players in the industry and their relative bargaining power. It is characterized by five forces: the rivalry among existing competitors, the threat of substitute products, the barriers to entry into the industry, the bargaining power of the suppliers, and the bargaining power of the buyers. The competitive consequences of technological developments often change the market share positions among the players. New forms of distribution created by new market entrants can completely change the competitive forces in an industry. The Internet, the Web, and e-commerce have affected the structure of different industries in varying, yet often profound ways. In fact, the explosive emergence of the Internet as a major worldwide distribution channel for goods, services, and even for employment is powerfully changing economies, markets, and industry structures. The universal standards of the Internet have lowered the barrier to entry for many industries, bringing a flood of new entrants. Interfirm rivalry is one area where e-commerce technology has had an impact on most industries. The major consequence is that every business must become globally competitive, even if it manufactures or sells only within a local or regional market. The Internet has changed the scope of competition from local and regional to national and global, pitting firms that had previously been in separate geographic markets against one another. Consumers of all types of goods have access to global price information, putting pressure on many producers and suppliers in some industries to decrease their prices. On the other hand, it has also presented new opportunities for firms to differentiate their products or services from their competitors, driving prices and profits for those firms up. The overall positive or negative effect of e-commerce technologies on firm profitability depends on the industry involved. In some industries, particularly those involved with information distribution such as newspapers, magazines, software distributors, music and publishing companies, e-commerce has completely changed the ways of doing business. New online challengers have intensified competition and increased the availability of substitute products. In general, the bargaining power of consumers has grown relative to the providers, driving prices down and challenging the overall profitability of these industries. In other industries, particularly manufacturing, e-commerce has not greatly changed relationships with consumers but relationships with suppliers have been impacted by the aggregation of markets such those created by B2B hubs. Increasingly, manufacturing firms in entire industries have banded together to aggregate purchases, create industrial digital exchanges or marketplaces, and outsource industrial processes in order to obtain better prices from suppliers. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 96-99 AACSB: Analytic Skills 18 84) Briefly explain three B2B Net marketplace business models besides the exchange business model. Answer: Three other B2B Net marketplace business models are e-distributor, e-procurement, and industry consortium. E-distributors supply products and services directly to individual businesses. The e-distributor operates much like its B2C counterparts, placing its catalog online and giving purchasing agents access to its product lines in a searchable format. An e-distributor is simply one company seeking to serve many customers. For an e-distributor critical mass involves having enough products and services to attract a large enough customer base. B2B e-procurement firms create and sell access to digital electronic marketplaces. One type of B2B e-procurement firm is a B2B service provider, which sells business services to other firms. Some common B2B business services are accounting, financial services, human resources management, and printing. Industry consortia are typically industry-owned vertical marketplaces that serve a specific industry. Industry consortia are usually funded by industry members, who pay for the creation of the site and contribute the initial operating capital. Then they typically charge firms that participate in the consortia transaction and subscription fees. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 87-89 AACSB: Reflective Thinking 19 85) Discuss the implications of each of the unique features of e-commerce technology for the overall business environment. Answer: The ubiquity of e-commerce creates new marketing channels and expands the size of the overall market. It also creates new efficiencies in industry operations and lowers the costs to firms of sales operations. By reducing the cost of information, the Internet provides each of the key players in the value chain for an industry with new opportunities to maximize their positions by lowering costs and/or raising prices. Manufacturers can develop direct relationships with their customers through their own Web sites and bypass the costs of distributors and retailers. Distributors can develop highly efficient inventory management systems to reduce their costs, and retailers can develop efficient customer relations management systems to strengthen their service to customers. Customers can use the Web to search for the best quality, prices and delivery methods thus reducing their transaction costs and the prices they pay for goods. The global reach of e-commerce lowers barriers to entry and expands the market at the same time. This lowers the costs of both industry and firm operations through production and sales efficiencies. When the operational efficiency of an entire industry increases, it helps the industry to compete with alternative industries and lowers prices and adds value to consumers. The universal standards of e-commerce lower barriers to entry while at the same time intensifying competition within an industry. Universal standards also reduce the costs for communications and computing enabling firms to engage in broad-scope strategies. Communications efficiencies can also enable firms to outsource some primary and secondary activities to specialized, more efficient providers without affecting the consumer. The Internet can also be used to precisely coordinate the steps in the value chain for a firm thus reducing overall costs. The richness of e-commerce reduces the strength of powerful distribution channels. It also allows firms to reduce their reliance on traditional sales forces and can enhance post-sales support services. The interactivity of e-commerce reduces the threat of substitutes through the enhanced use of customization. It also reduces industry and firm costs by enabling differentiation strategies. In their totality, the differentiation features of a product constitute the customer value proposition for a firm. The ability of the Web to personalize the shopping experience and to customize a product to the particular demands of each consumer are the most significant ways in which the interactivity of the Web can be used to differentiate products. The use of Internet technology to personalize and customize a customer's experience or product reduces threats of substitutions, raises barriers to entry, reduces value chain costs by lessening reliance on sales forces, and enables personalized marketing strategies. The information density on the Web weakens powerful sales channels thus shifting bargaining power to the consumer, while also lowering the costs of obtaining, processing, and distributing information about suppliers and consumers. The use of social technologies shifts programming and editorial decisions to consumers; creates substitute entertainment products; and energizes a large group of new suppliers. 20 E-commerce firms can also leverage the ubiquitous nature, the global reach, the interactivity, and the information density of the Web to differentiate products and services. Firms can make it possible for consumers to purchase a product from home, work, or on the road, anywhere in the world. They can create Web-based experiences with unique interactive content and store and process product information, warranties, and helpful hints to differentiate their product and their firm from the competition. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 96-97 AACSB: Analytic Skills 86) Define value chain and explain the difference between a firm value chain, an industry value chain, and a value web. Answer: A value chain is the set of activities performed that transforms raw inputs into final products and services. A firm value chain is the set of activities a firm engages in to create final products from raw inputs. The key steps and support activities in a firm's value chain are inbound logistics, operations, outbound logistics, sales and marketing, and after sales service. With an industry value chain, the chain broadens to include six generic players: suppliers, manufacturers, transporters, distributors, retailers, and customers. A value web coordinates a firm's suppliers with its own production needs using an Internet-based supply chain management system. It is a networked transbusiness system that coordinates the value chains of several firms. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 99-102 AACSB: Analytic Skills 21